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Гети и Дачани се појављују у коментарима форумаша на разним темама. Везују се за историју и етногенезу Румуња, Влаха и других балканских народа. Зато мислим да је потребно отворити тему о овим народима, или народу под два различита имена, како би дошли до неких одговора, да ли постоји повезница између Гета и Склавена (Словена) на што Симокатин и још неки рукописи указују, а ако тема саживи, пренијећу и неке добре коментаре о овим народима са других тема.
За почетак осврнућемо се на чланке о Гетима (овдје) и Дачанима (овдје) у енгл. википедији
Гети су трачки народ који је у времену антике насељавао области са обје стране Доњег Дунава, простори данашње Србије, сјеверне Бугарске и Румуније .
Међу исторучарима постоји дилема да ли су Гети и Дачани два,јако српдна народа или исти народ који Грци звали Гетима, а Римљани Дачанима.
Плиније Старији (I вијек н.е.) пише какоразне расе заузимају сусједне обале; на једном мјесту Гети, које Римљани зову Дачанима.
Апијан Александријски (рукопис настао између 138-161.године) пише да у тим мјестима владају неки од Kелта преко Рајна и Гети преко Дунава, који се називају Дачани.
Страбон у седмој књизи поглавље треће (овдје) пише
У следећем 13.параграфу пише да Гети и Дачани говоре истим језиком. Даље додаје да су Грцима Гети познатији јер су чешће миграције на ову страну Истра (Дунава), тј на простор данашње Бугарске и данашње Србије.
Румуњски научници претежно су става да су Гети и Дачани исти народ, мада и код њих то нису потпуно усаглашени ставови, рецимо историчар и археолог Алеxандру Вулпе направио је јасну разлику између Гета и Дачана.
У VII вијеку прије нове ере Гети су дошли у економски и културни контакт са Грцима, који су оснивали колоније на западној страни Понта (Црног мора).
Гете први помиње Херодот (овдје) у четвртој књизи
Између V и III вијека прије нове ере, Гети су углавном били под влашћу цвјетајућег Одриског краљевства . Гети су пружале војне услуге и постали познати по својој коњици. Након распада Одриског краљевства, мање гетске кнежевине почеле су се развијати самостално.
Прије него је кренуо у поход на Персију, Александар Велики је поразио Гете.
Гетски успон почиње у првој половини III вијека п.н.е. Око 200.године пне, гетски вођа Залмодегик успоставља власт дуж Дунава.
Године 72-71. П.н.е. Марко Теренције Варон Лукул као први римски војсковође креће у поход против Гета, мотив бјеше ударити на западнопонтске савезнике Митридата VI, поход је имао ограничен успјех. Деценију касније, коалиција Скита , Гета, Бастарнаа и грчких колониста односи побједу нас Римљанима, а Дакија након ове побједе под краљем Буребистом, постаје моћно краљевство и доминантна регионална сила.
Цар Август је имао план подјармљити читаво Балканског полуострво, искористио је упад Бастарна преко Дунава као изговор да нападне земљу Гете. Кампању је водио Марко Лициније Крас (не треба га бркати са Цезаровим пајдашом Марком Лицинијем Красом, ово му је унук) 29. године прије нове ере побјеђује Бастарне уз помоћ гетског краља Ролеса.
Сармати су напали гетско подручје, но римске трупе су их одбациле натраг. Гети настањени јужноод Истра (Дунава) су стављени под контролу краља Тракије, тада у вазалном односу према Риму, 6. године нове ере основана је римска провинција Мезија која укључује Гете настањене јужно Дунава, Гети настањени сјеверно од Дунава наставили су аутономно развој, изван Римског царства.
Након што је 86. године, пријесто Дачана заузео Децебал, који је уједнио Дачане, постају опасан Ривал Риму, цар Домицијан предузума походе, али у ратовима између 85. и 89. године није имап томе није имао правог успјеха. Цар Трајан предузима Први дачки рат, од 101. до 102. године, у коме је Децебал био поражен. Послиј 3 година, Децебал покушава окупити савезнике против Рима, што је довело до Другог дачког рата, од 105. до 106. године. Нови пораз Дачана, Децебал је избјегао заробљавање суицидом и читава Дакија је била освојена.
Дакија постаје римском провинцијом 106. године. Цар Хадријан подијелио је 118. године провинцију на двије, под именима: Горња Дакија (лат. Dacia superior) и Доња Дакија (лат. Dacia inferior.
Од 167. до 169. године, Марко Аурелије је поново реорганизовао ову област, и административно подијелио на Апулумску Дакију, (Dacia Apulensis), Поролисумску Дакију (Dacia Porolissensis) и Малванску Дакију (Dacia Malvensis).
Изван контроле Рима остала је тзв слободна Дакија.
Током Трајанових дачанских ратова 101-106. године нове ере, огроман број Дачана је или убијен или одведен у робље, но значајан број је протјеран или мигрирао на простор тзв слободне Дакије, ту су се удружили са Бастарнима и још неким келтским и германским племенима те вршили упаде на територије под контролом Рима.
Под притиском Гота Рим 271.године повлачи војску и романизовано становништво из Дакије.
По једној теорији након што су се до 275. године Римљани повукли јужно од Дунава слободни Дачани ослобађају област римске провинције и придружју се преосталим Романо-Дачанима да би формирали дако-римску етничку групу која је говорила латински и која ће бити претходница савременог румуњског народа.
Гети и Дачани се у каснијим рукописима у времену касне антике и раног средњег вијека појављују када се говори у прошлом времену.
Могуће се један број Гета стопио са Готима и из тог разлога неки аутори рукописа касне антике и раног средњег вијека (Павле Орозије, Јорданес, Марцелин Комес, Јован Лидијски) поистовјећује Гете и Готе.
За почетак осврнућемо се на чланке о Гетима (овдје) и Дачанима (овдје) у енгл. википедији
Getae
The Getae (/ˈdʒiːtiː, ˈɡiːtiː/ JEE-tee, GHEE-tee) or Gets (/dʒɛts, ɡɛts/ JETS, GHETS; Ancient Greek: Γέται, singular Γέτης) were several Thracian[1] tribes that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania. Both the singular form Get and plural Getae may be derived from a Greek exonym: the area was the hinterland of Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast, bringing the Getae into contact with the ancient Greeks from an early date. Although it is believed that the Getae were related to their westward neighbours, the Dacians, several scholars, especially in the Romanian historiography, posit that the Getae and the Dacians were the same people.
Strabo, one of the first ancient sources to mention Getae and Dacians, stated in his Geographica (c. 7 BC – 20 AD) that the Dacians lived in the western parts of Dacia, "towards Germania and the sources of the Danube", while the Getae lived in the eastern parts, towards the Black Sea, both south and north of the Danube.[2] The ancient geographer also wrote that the Dacians and Getae spoke the same language,[3] after stating the same about Getae and Thracians.[4]
Pliny the Elder, in his Naturalis Historia (Natural History), c. 77–79 AD, stated something similar: "... though various races have occupied the adjacent shores; at one spot the Getae, by the Romans called Daci".[5]
Appian, who began writing his Roman History under Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor from 138 to 161, noted: "ut going beyond these rivers in places they rule some of the Celts over the Rhine and the Getae over the Danube, whom they call Dacians".[6][7]
Justin, the 3rd century AD Latin historian, wrote in his Epitome of Pompeius Trogus that Dacians are spoken of as descendants of the Getae: "Daci quoque suboles Getarum sunt" (The Dacians as well are a scion of the Getae).[8][9]
In his Roman History (c. 200 AD), Cassius Dio added: "I call the people Dacians, the name used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right term or not...".[10][11] He also said the Dacians lived on both sides of the Lower Danube; the ones south of the river (today's northern Bulgaria), in Moesia, were called Moesians, while the ones north of the river were called Dacians. He argued that the Dacians are "Getae or Thracians of Dacian race":[12]
Romanian scholars generally went further with the identification, historian Constantin C. Giurescu claiming the two were identical.[17] The archaeologist Mircea Babeș spoke of a "veritable ethno-cultural unity" between the Getae and the Dacians.[citation needed] According to Glanville Price, the account of the Greek geographer Strabo shows that the Getae and the Dacians were one and the same people.[18] Others who support the identity between Getae and Dacians with ancient sources include freelance writer James Minahan and Catherine B Avery, who claim the people whom the Greek called Getae were called Daci by the Romans.[19] [20] This same belief is stated by some British historians such as David Sandler Berkowitz and Philip Matyszak.[21][22] The Bulgarian historian and thracologist Alexander Fol considers that the Getae became known as "Dacians" in Greek and Latin in the writings of Caesar, Strabo and Pliny the Elder, as Roman observers adopted the name of the Dacian tribe to refer to all the unconquered inhabitants north of the Danube.[23] Also, Edward Bunbury believed the name of Getae, by which they were originally known to the Greeks on the Euxine, was always retained by the latter in common usage: while that of Dacians, whatever be its origin, was that by which the more western tribes, adjoining the Pannonians, first became known to the Romans.[24] Some scholars consider the Getae and Dacians to be the same people at different stages of their history and discuss their culture as Geto-Dacian.[25]
Ronald Arthur Crossland suggested the two designations may refer to two groups of a "linguistically homogeneous people" that had come to historical prominence at two distinct periods of time. He also compared the probable linguistic situation with the relation between modern Norwegian and Danish languages.[28] Paul Lachlan MacKendrick considered the two as "branches" of the same tribe, speaking two dialects of a common language.[29]
The Romanian historian of ideas and historiographer Lucian Boia stated: "At a certain point, the phrase Geto-Dacian was coined in the Romanian historiography to suggest a unity of Getae and Dacians".[30] Lucian Boia took a sceptical position, arguing the ancient writers distinguished among the two people, treating them as two distinct groups of the Thracian ethnos.[30][31] Boia contended that it would be naive to assume Strabo knew the Thracian dialects so well,[30] alleging that Strabo had "no competence in the field of Thracian dialects".[31] The latter claim is contested, some studies attesting Strabo's reliability and sources.[32] There is no reason to disregard Strabo's belief that the Daci and the Getae spoke the same language.[18] Boia also stressed that some Romanian authors cited Strabo indiscriminately.[31]
A similar position was adopted by Romanian historian and archaeologist G. A. Niculescu, who also criticized the Romanian historiography and the archaeological interpretation, particularly on the "Geto-Dacian" culture.[33] In his opinion, Alexandru Vulpe saw ancient people as modern nations, leading the latter to interpret the common language as a sign of a common people, despite Strabo making a distinction between the two.[27]
Between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC, the Getae were mostly under the rule of the flourishing Odrysian kingdom. During this time, the Getae provided military services and became famous for their cavalry. After the disintegration of the Odrysian kingdom, smaller Getic principalities began to consolidate themselves.
The Getae flourished especially in the first half of the 3rd century BC. By about 200 BC, the authority of the Getic prince, Zalmodegicus, stretched as far as Histria, as a contemporary inscription shows.[38] Other strong princes included Zoltes and Rhemaxos (about 180 BC). Also, several Getic rulers minted their own coins. The ancient authors Strabo[39] and Cassius Dio[40] say that Getae practiced ruler cult, and this is confirmed by archaeological remains.
In the mid-first century BC Burebista organized a kingdom consisting of descendants of those whom the Greeks had called Getae, as well as Dacians, or Daci, the name applied to people of the region by the Romans.[25]
Augustus aimed at subjugating the entire Balkan peninsula, and used an incursion of the Bastarnae across the Danube as a pretext to devastate the Getae and Thracians. He put Marcus Licinius Crassus in charge of the plan. In 29 BC, Crassus defeated the Bastarnae with the help of the Getic prince Rholes.[43] Crassus promised him help for his support against the Getic ruler Dapyx.[44] After Crassus had reached as far the Danube Delta, Rholes was appointed king and returned to Rome. In 16 BC, the Sarmatae invaded the Getic territory and were driven back by Roman troops.[45] The Getae were placed under the control of the Roman vassal king in Thrace, Rhoemetalces I. In 6 AD, the province of Moesia was founded, incorporating the Getae south of the Danube River. The Getae north of the Danube continued tribal autonomy outside the Roman Empire.
One episode from the history of the Getae is attested by several ancient writers.[47][48]
When Lysimachus tried to subdue the Getae he was defeated by them. The Getae king, Dromichaetes, took him prisoner but he treated him well and convinced Lysimachus there is more to gain as an ally than as an enemy of the Getae and released him. According to Diodorus, Dromichaetes entertained Lysimachus at his palace at Helis, where food was served on gold and silver plates. The discovery of the celebrated tomb at Sveshtari (1982) suggests that Helis was located perhaps in its vicinity,[49] where remains of a large antique city are found along with dozens of other Thracian mound tombs.
As stated earlier, just like the Dacians, the principal god of the Getae was Zalmoxis whom they sometimes called Gebeleizis.
Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia mentions a tribe called the Tyragetae,[50] apparently a Daco-Thracian tribe who dwelt by the river Tyras (the Dniester). Their tribal name appears to be a combination of Tyras and Getae; see also the names Thyssagetae and Massagetae.
The Roman poet Ovid, during his long exile in Tomis, is asserted to have written poetry (now lost) in the Getic language. In his Epistulae ex Ponto, written from the northern coast of the Black Sea, he asserts that two major, distinct languages were spoken by the sundry tribes of Scythia, which he referred to as Getic, and Sarmatian.
During 5th and 6th centuries, several historians and ethnographers (Marcellinus Comes, Orosius, John Lydus, Isidore of Seville, Procopius of Caesarea) used the same ethnonym Getae to name populations invading the Eastern Roman Empire (Goths, Gepids, Kutrigurs, Slavs). For instance, in the third book of the History of the Wars Procopius details: "There were many Gothic nations in earlier times, just as also at the present, but the greatest and most important of all are the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, and Gepaedes. In ancient times, however, they were named Sauromatae and Melanchlaeni; and there were some too who called these nations Getic."[58] The Getae were considered the same people as the Goths by Jordanes in his Getica written at the middle of the 6th century. He also claims that at one point the "Getae" migrated out of Scandza, while identifying their deity Zalmoxis as a Gothic king. Jordanes assumed the earlier testimony of Orosius. The 9th-century work De Universo of Rabanus Maurus states, "The Massagetae are in origin from the tribe of the Scythians, and are called Massagetae, as if heavy, that is, strong Getae.[59]
Less credible, however, are parallel claims by Alexander Cunningham that the Xanthii (or Zanthi) and Iatioi – mentioned by Strabo, Ptolemy and Pliny – may have been synonymous with the Getae and/or Jats.[61] The Xanthii were later established to be a subgroup (tribe or clan) of the Dahae. Subsequent scholars, such as Edwin Pulleyblank, Josef Markwart (also known as Joseph Marquart) and László Torday, suggest that Iatioi may be another name for a people known in classical Chinese sources as the Yuezhi and in South Asian contexts as the Kuṣānas (or Kushans)
The Getae (/ˈdʒiːtiː, ˈɡiːtiː/ JEE-tee, GHEE-tee) or Gets (/dʒɛts, ɡɛts/ JETS, GHETS; Ancient Greek: Γέται, singular Γέτης) were several Thracian[1] tribes that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania. Both the singular form Get and plural Getae may be derived from a Greek exonym: the area was the hinterland of Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast, bringing the Getae into contact with the ancient Greeks from an early date. Although it is believed that the Getae were related to their westward neighbours, the Dacians, several scholars, especially in the Romanian historiography, posit that the Getae and the Dacians were the same people.
Ethnonym
The ethnonym Getae was first used by Herodotus. The root was also used for the Tyragetae, Thyssagetae, Massagetae, and others.Getae and Dacians
Ancient sources
Beaker with birds and animals, Thraco-Getian, 4th century BC, silver, height: 18.7 cm (7.4 in), Metropolitan Museum of ArtStrabo, one of the first ancient sources to mention Getae and Dacians, stated in his Geographica (c. 7 BC – 20 AD) that the Dacians lived in the western parts of Dacia, "towards Germania and the sources of the Danube", while the Getae lived in the eastern parts, towards the Black Sea, both south and north of the Danube.[2] The ancient geographer also wrote that the Dacians and Getae spoke the same language,[3] after stating the same about Getae and Thracians.[4]
Pliny the Elder, in his Naturalis Historia (Natural History), c. 77–79 AD, stated something similar: "... though various races have occupied the adjacent shores; at one spot the Getae, by the Romans called Daci".[5]
Appian, who began writing his Roman History under Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor from 138 to 161, noted: "ut going beyond these rivers in places they rule some of the Celts over the Rhine and the Getae over the Danube, whom they call Dacians".[6][7]
Justin, the 3rd century AD Latin historian, wrote in his Epitome of Pompeius Trogus that Dacians are spoken of as descendants of the Getae: "Daci quoque suboles Getarum sunt" (The Dacians as well are a scion of the Getae).[8][9]
In his Roman History (c. 200 AD), Cassius Dio added: "I call the people Dacians, the name used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right term or not...".[10][11] He also said the Dacians lived on both sides of the Lower Danube; the ones south of the river (today's northern Bulgaria), in Moesia, were called Moesians, while the ones north of the river were called Dacians. He argued that the Dacians are "Getae or Thracians of Dacian race":[12]
In ancient times, it is true, Moesians and Getae occupied all the land between Haemus and the Ister; but as time went on some of them changed their names, and since then there have been included under the name of Moesia all the tribes living above Dalmatia, Macedonia, and Thrace, and separated from Pannonia by the Savus, a tributary of the Ister. Two of the many tribes found among them are those formerly called the Triballi, and the Dardani, who still retain their old name.[13]
Modern interpretations
There is a dispute among scholars about the relations between the Getae and Dacians, and this dispute also covers the interpretation of ancient sources. Some historians such as Ronald Arthur Crossland state that even Ancient Greeks used the two designations "interchangeable or with some confusion". Thus, it is generally considered that the two groups were related to a certain degree,[14] the exact relation is a matter of controversy.Same people
Strabo, as well as other ancient sources, led some modern historians to consider that, if the Thracian ethnic group should be divided, one of this divisions should be the "Daco-Getae".[15] The linguist Ivan Duridanov also identified a "Dacian linguistic area"[16] in Dacia, Scythia Minor, Lower Moesia, and Upper Moesia.Romanian scholars generally went further with the identification, historian Constantin C. Giurescu claiming the two were identical.[17] The archaeologist Mircea Babeș spoke of a "veritable ethno-cultural unity" between the Getae and the Dacians.[citation needed] According to Glanville Price, the account of the Greek geographer Strabo shows that the Getae and the Dacians were one and the same people.[18] Others who support the identity between Getae and Dacians with ancient sources include freelance writer James Minahan and Catherine B Avery, who claim the people whom the Greek called Getae were called Daci by the Romans.[19] [20] This same belief is stated by some British historians such as David Sandler Berkowitz and Philip Matyszak.[21][22] The Bulgarian historian and thracologist Alexander Fol considers that the Getae became known as "Dacians" in Greek and Latin in the writings of Caesar, Strabo and Pliny the Elder, as Roman observers adopted the name of the Dacian tribe to refer to all the unconquered inhabitants north of the Danube.[23] Also, Edward Bunbury believed the name of Getae, by which they were originally known to the Greeks on the Euxine, was always retained by the latter in common usage: while that of Dacians, whatever be its origin, was that by which the more western tribes, adjoining the Pannonians, first became known to the Romans.[24] Some scholars consider the Getae and Dacians to be the same people at different stages of their history and discuss their culture as Geto-Dacian.[25]
Same language, distinct people
Historian and archaeologist Alexandru Vulpe found a remarkable uniformity of the Geto-Dacian culture;[26] however, he is one of the few Romanian archaeologists to make a clear distinction between the Getae and Dacians, arguing against the traditional position of the Romanian historiography that considered the two people the same.[27] Nevertheless, he chose to use the term "Geto-Dacians" as a conventional concept for the Thracian tribes inhabiting the future territory of Romania, not necessarily meaning an "absolute ethnic, linguistic or historical unity".[27]Ronald Arthur Crossland suggested the two designations may refer to two groups of a "linguistically homogeneous people" that had come to historical prominence at two distinct periods of time. He also compared the probable linguistic situation with the relation between modern Norwegian and Danish languages.[28] Paul Lachlan MacKendrick considered the two as "branches" of the same tribe, speaking two dialects of a common language.[29]
The Romanian historian of ideas and historiographer Lucian Boia stated: "At a certain point, the phrase Geto-Dacian was coined in the Romanian historiography to suggest a unity of Getae and Dacians".[30] Lucian Boia took a sceptical position, arguing the ancient writers distinguished among the two people, treating them as two distinct groups of the Thracian ethnos.[30][31] Boia contended that it would be naive to assume Strabo knew the Thracian dialects so well,[30] alleging that Strabo had "no competence in the field of Thracian dialects".[31] The latter claim is contested, some studies attesting Strabo's reliability and sources.[32] There is no reason to disregard Strabo's belief that the Daci and the Getae spoke the same language.[18] Boia also stressed that some Romanian authors cited Strabo indiscriminately.[31]
A similar position was adopted by Romanian historian and archaeologist G. A. Niculescu, who also criticized the Romanian historiography and the archaeological interpretation, particularly on the "Geto-Dacian" culture.[33] In his opinion, Alexandru Vulpe saw ancient people as modern nations, leading the latter to interpret the common language as a sign of a common people, despite Strabo making a distinction between the two.[27]
History
7th – 4th century BC
From the 7th century BC onwards, the Getae came into economic and cultural contact with the Greeks, who were establishing colonies on the western side of Pontus Euxinus, nowadays the Black Sea. The Getae are mentioned for the first time together in Herodotus in his narrative of the Scythian campaign of Darius I in 513 BC, during which the latter conquered the Getae.[34] According to Herodotus, the Getae differed from other Thracian tribes in their religion, centered around the god (daimon) Zalmoxis whom some of the Getae called Gebeleizis.[35]Between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC, the Getae were mostly under the rule of the flourishing Odrysian kingdom. During this time, the Getae provided military services and became famous for their cavalry. After the disintegration of the Odrysian kingdom, smaller Getic principalities began to consolidate themselves.
Prosperity
Before setting out on his Persian expedition, Alexander the Great defeated the Getae and razed one of their settlements.[36] In 313 BC, the Getae formed an alliance with Callatis, Odessos, and other western Pontic Greek colonies against Lysimachus, who held a fortress at Tirizis (modern Kaliakra).[37]The Getae flourished especially in the first half of the 3rd century BC. By about 200 BC, the authority of the Getic prince, Zalmodegicus, stretched as far as Histria, as a contemporary inscription shows.[38] Other strong princes included Zoltes and Rhemaxos (about 180 BC). Also, several Getic rulers minted their own coins. The ancient authors Strabo[39] and Cassius Dio[40] say that Getae practiced ruler cult, and this is confirmed by archaeological remains.
Conflict with Rome
In 72–71 BC Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus became the first Roman commander to march against the Getae. This was done to strike at the western Pontic allies of Mithridates VI, but he had limited success. A decade later, a coalition of Scythians, Getae, Bastarnae and Greek colonists defeated C. Antonius Hybrida at Histria.[41][42] This victory over the Romans allowed Burebista, the leader of this coalition, to dominate the region for a short period (60–50 BC).In the mid-first century BC Burebista organized a kingdom consisting of descendants of those whom the Greeks had called Getae, as well as Dacians, or Daci, the name applied to people of the region by the Romans.[25]
Augustus aimed at subjugating the entire Balkan peninsula, and used an incursion of the Bastarnae across the Danube as a pretext to devastate the Getae and Thracians. He put Marcus Licinius Crassus in charge of the plan. In 29 BC, Crassus defeated the Bastarnae with the help of the Getic prince Rholes.[43] Crassus promised him help for his support against the Getic ruler Dapyx.[44] After Crassus had reached as far the Danube Delta, Rholes was appointed king and returned to Rome. In 16 BC, the Sarmatae invaded the Getic territory and were driven back by Roman troops.[45] The Getae were placed under the control of the Roman vassal king in Thrace, Rhoemetalces I. In 6 AD, the province of Moesia was founded, incorporating the Getae south of the Danube River. The Getae north of the Danube continued tribal autonomy outside the Roman Empire.
Culture
According to Herodotus, the Getae were "the noblest as well as the most just of all the Thracian tribes".[46] When the Persians, led by Darius the Great, campaigned against the Scythians, the Thracian tribes in the Balkans surrendered to Darius on his way to Scythia, and only the Getae offered resistance.[46]One episode from the history of the Getae is attested by several ancient writers.[47][48]
When Lysimachus tried to subdue the Getae he was defeated by them. The Getae king, Dromichaetes, took him prisoner but he treated him well and convinced Lysimachus there is more to gain as an ally than as an enemy of the Getae and released him. According to Diodorus, Dromichaetes entertained Lysimachus at his palace at Helis, where food was served on gold and silver plates. The discovery of the celebrated tomb at Sveshtari (1982) suggests that Helis was located perhaps in its vicinity,[49] where remains of a large antique city are found along with dozens of other Thracian mound tombs.
As stated earlier, just like the Dacians, the principal god of the Getae was Zalmoxis whom they sometimes called Gebeleizis.
Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia mentions a tribe called the Tyragetae,[50] apparently a Daco-Thracian tribe who dwelt by the river Tyras (the Dniester). Their tribal name appears to be a combination of Tyras and Getae; see also the names Thyssagetae and Massagetae.
The Roman poet Ovid, during his long exile in Tomis, is asserted to have written poetry (now lost) in the Getic language. In his Epistulae ex Ponto, written from the northern coast of the Black Sea, he asserts that two major, distinct languages were spoken by the sundry tribes of Scythia, which he referred to as Getic, and Sarmatian.
Physical appearance
Fringe views on alternative origins
Suggested link to Goths
The Getae are sometimes confused with the Goths in works of early medieval authors.[52][53][54][55][56] This confusion is notably expanded on in works of Jordanes, himself of Gothic background, who transferred earlier historical narratives about the Getae to the Goths.[57] At the close of the 4th century AD, Claudian, court poet to the emperor Honorius and the patrician Stilicho, uses the ethnonym Getae to refer to the Visigoths.During 5th and 6th centuries, several historians and ethnographers (Marcellinus Comes, Orosius, John Lydus, Isidore of Seville, Procopius of Caesarea) used the same ethnonym Getae to name populations invading the Eastern Roman Empire (Goths, Gepids, Kutrigurs, Slavs). For instance, in the third book of the History of the Wars Procopius details: "There were many Gothic nations in earlier times, just as also at the present, but the greatest and most important of all are the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, and Gepaedes. In ancient times, however, they were named Sauromatae and Melanchlaeni; and there were some too who called these nations Getic."[58] The Getae were considered the same people as the Goths by Jordanes in his Getica written at the middle of the 6th century. He also claims that at one point the "Getae" migrated out of Scandza, while identifying their deity Zalmoxis as a Gothic king. Jordanes assumed the earlier testimony of Orosius. The 9th-century work De Universo of Rabanus Maurus states, "The Massagetae are in origin from the tribe of the Scythians, and are called Massagetae, as if heavy, that is, strong Getae.[59]
Suggested link to Jats
There have long been attempts to link the Getae and Massagetae to the Jats of South Asia. Likewise, the Dacians have been linked to the Dahae of Central Asia (and the Dahae to the Dasas of South Asia).W. W. Hunter claimed in 1886, suggested that the Jats were an Iranian people – most likely Scythian/Saka in origin,[60] Alexander Cunningham (1888) believed that references in classical European sources – like Strabo, Ptolemy and Pliny – to peoples such as the Zaths, may have been the Getae and/or Jats.[61][62] More recent authors, like Tadeusz Sulimirski,[63] Weer Rajendra Rishi,[64] and Chandra Chakraberty,[65][66] have also linked the Getae and Jats.Less credible, however, are parallel claims by Alexander Cunningham that the Xanthii (or Zanthi) and Iatioi – mentioned by Strabo, Ptolemy and Pliny – may have been synonymous with the Getae and/or Jats.[61] The Xanthii were later established to be a subgroup (tribe or clan) of the Dahae. Subsequent scholars, such as Edwin Pulleyblank, Josef Markwart (also known as Joseph Marquart) and László Torday, suggest that Iatioi may be another name for a people known in classical Chinese sources as the Yuezhi and in South Asian contexts as the Kuṣānas (or Kushans)
Међу исторучарима постоји дилема да ли су Гети и Дачани два,јако српдна народа или исти народ који Грци звали Гетима, а Римљани Дачанима.
Плиније Старији (I вијек н.е.) пише какоразне расе заузимају сусједне обале; на једном мјесту Гети, које Римљани зову Дачанима.
Апијан Александријски (рукопис настао између 138-161.године) пише да у тим мјестима владају неки од Kелта преко Рајна и Гети преко Дунава, који се називају Дачани.
Страбон у седмој књизи поглавље треће (овдје) пише
да су у питању два народа. Гети настањују источнији простор. а Дачани западнији, према Германији и извору Истра (Дунава).12 But there is also another division of the country which has endured from early times, for some of the people are called Daci, whereas others are called Getae - Getae, those who incline towards the Pontus and the east, and Daci, those who incline in the opposite direction towards Germany and the sources of the Ister.
The Daci, I think, were called Daï in early times; whence the slave names "Geta" and "Daüs" which prevailed among the Attic people; for this is more probable than that "Daüs" is from those Scythians who are called "Daae," for they live far away in the neighbourhood of Hyrcania, and it is not reasonable to suppose that slaves were brought into Attica from there; for the Attic people were wont either to call their slaves by the same names as those of the nations from which they were brought (as "Lydus" or "Syrus"), or addressed them by names that were prevalent in their countries (as "Manes" or else "Midas" for the Phrygian, or "Tibius" for the Paphlagonian).
But though the tribe was raised to such a height by Boerebistas, it has been completely humbled by its own seditions and by the Romans; nevertheless, they are capable, even to‑day, of sending forth an army of forty thousand men.
13 The Marisus River flows through their country into the Danuvius, on which the Romans used to convey their equipment for war; the "Danuvius" I say, for so they used to call the upper part of the river from near its sources on to the cataracts, I mean the part which in the main flows through the country, of the Daci, although they give the name "Ister" to the lower part, from the cataracts on to the Pontus, the part which flows past the country of the Getae.
The language of the Daci is the same as that of the Getae. Among the Greeks, however, the Getae are better known because the migrations they make to either side of the Ister are continuous, and because they are intermingled with the Thracians and Mysians. And also the tribe of the Triballi, likewise Thracian, has had this same experience, for it has admitted migrations into this country, because the neighbouring peoples force them to emigrate into the country of those who are weaker; that is, the Scythians and Bastarnians and Sauromatians on the far side of the river often prevail to the extent that they actually cross over to attack those whom they have already driven out, and some of them remain there, either in the islands or in Thrace, whereas those on the other side are generally overpowered by the Illyrians. Be that as it may, although the Getae and Daci once attained to very great power, so that they actually could send forth an expedition of two hundred thousand men, they now find themselves reduced to as few as forty thousand, and they have come close to the point of yielding obedience to the Romans, though as yet they are not absolutely submissive, because of the hopes which they base on the Germans, who are enemies to the Romans.
У следећем 13.параграфу пише да Гети и Дачани говоре истим језиком. Даље додаје да су Грцима Гети познатији јер су чешће миграције на ову страну Истра (Дунава), тј на простор данашње Бугарске и данашње Србије.
Румуњски научници претежно су става да су Гети и Дачани исти народ, мада и код њих то нису потпуно усаглашени ставови, рецимо историчар и археолог Алеxандру Вулпе направио је јасну разлику између Гета и Дачана.
У VII вијеку прије нове ере Гети су дошли у економски и културни контакт са Грцима, који су оснивали колоније на западној страни Понта (Црног мора).
Гете први помиње Херодот (овдје) у четвртој књизи
Пише да су Гети најхрабрије и најпоштеније трачко племе, о себи мисле да су бесмртни и штују бога Салмоксиса.93) Пре доласка на Истар он покори Гете, који о себи мисле да су бесмртни. А трачка племена из Салмидеса и из области изнад Аполоније и Месамбрије, такозвани Скирмијади и Нипсејци предаду му се без борбе, док су му се Гети, најхрабрије и најпоштеније трачко племе, пркосно и жилаво одупрли, али су били одмах покорени.
94) Овако изгледа њихова бесмртност: верују да не умиру, него да умрли одлазе богу Салмоксису. Други опет називају овог бога Гебелизис. Сваке пете године одређују они коцком једног између себе и шаљу га као гласника Салмоксису, те му поручују оно за шта га моле. А шаљу га овако: једни од њих морају да држе три копља, а оног кога као гласника шаљу Салмоксису, ухвате за руке и ноге, замахну њиме и баце га увис, тако да падне на она копља. Ако се он на копља прободе и умре, онда мисле да им бог указује милост, ако пак овај не умре, верују да је за то крив гласник и да је он рђав човек, па онда шаљу другог гласника. Поруку богу дају му још док је жив. Ови исти Трачани пуштају стреле горе на гром и на муњу и прете богу на небу, јер мисле да не постоји други бог него само њихов.
95) А чуо сам од Хелена који станују на Хелеспонту (и на Црном мору) да је овај Салмоксис био обичан човек и да је био роб на Саму код Мнесархова сина Питагоре. Кад је тамо пуштен на слободу и кад је стекао велико имање, врати се он са тим имањем у свој завичај. Пошто су Трачани били непросвећени и врло бедно живели, Салмоксис је живео у Јонији и тамо се упознао с културнијим обичајима него што су били трачки. Он се, наиме, дружио са Хеленима, чак и са славним филозофом Питагором, па је у својој кући начинио једну трпезарију и позивао на ручак најугледније грађане. Проповедао им је да ни он ни његови гости нити њихови потомци неће умрети, него да ће доћи у један предео где ће вечно живети и уживати у сваком задовољству. У међувремену, док је поступао на споменути начин и док је то проповедао, градио је он себи под земљом један стан. Кад је тај подземни стан био готов, њега у Тракији нестане, он се сакрије у подземни стан и тамо проведе три године. Трачане је његов нестанак тешко погодио и они су га оплакивали мислећи да је умро. Али он се четврте године изненада појави међу њима и они повероваше у све што им је Салмоксис причао. Ето, то је он, по њихову причању, урадио.
96) Што се мене тиче, ја нити не верујем нити одвише верујем да је он то радио и имао стан под земљом, али ипак мислим да је овај Салмоксис живео много пре Питагоре. Уосталом, мени је свеједно да ли је Салмоксис био човек или неки гетски домаћи бог. Ето, тако су живели ти Гети и, кад су их Персијанци покорили, они су се прикључили осталој војсци.
Између V и III вијека прије нове ере, Гети су углавном били под влашћу цвјетајућег Одриског краљевства . Гети су пружале војне услуге и постали познати по својој коњици. Након распада Одриског краљевства, мање гетске кнежевине почеле су се развијати самостално.
Прије него је кренуо у поход на Персију, Александар Велики је поразио Гете.
Гетски успон почиње у првој половини III вијека п.н.е. Око 200.године пне, гетски вођа Залмодегик успоставља власт дуж Дунава.
Године 72-71. П.н.е. Марко Теренције Варон Лукул као први римски војсковође креће у поход против Гета, мотив бјеше ударити на западнопонтске савезнике Митридата VI, поход је имао ограничен успјех. Деценију касније, коалиција Скита , Гета, Бастарнаа и грчких колониста односи побједу нас Римљанима, а Дакија након ове побједе под краљем Буребистом, постаје моћно краљевство и доминантна регионална сила.
Цар Август је имао план подјармљити читаво Балканског полуострво, искористио је упад Бастарна преко Дунава као изговор да нападне земљу Гете. Кампању је водио Марко Лициније Крас (не треба га бркати са Цезаровим пајдашом Марком Лицинијем Красом, ово му је унук) 29. године прије нове ере побјеђује Бастарне уз помоћ гетског краља Ролеса.
Сармати су напали гетско подручје, но римске трупе су их одбациле натраг. Гети настањени јужноод Истра (Дунава) су стављени под контролу краља Тракије, тада у вазалном односу према Риму, 6. године нове ере основана је римска провинција Мезија која укључује Гете настањене јужно Дунава, Гети настањени сјеверно од Дунава наставили су аутономно развој, изван Римског царства.
Након што је 86. године, пријесто Дачана заузео Децебал, који је уједнио Дачане, постају опасан Ривал Риму, цар Домицијан предузума походе, али у ратовима између 85. и 89. године није имап томе није имао правог успјеха. Цар Трајан предузима Први дачки рат, од 101. до 102. године, у коме је Децебал био поражен. Послиј 3 година, Децебал покушава окупити савезнике против Рима, што је довело до Другог дачког рата, од 105. до 106. године. Нови пораз Дачана, Децебал је избјегао заробљавање суицидом и читава Дакија је била освојена.
Дакија постаје римском провинцијом 106. године. Цар Хадријан подијелио је 118. године провинцију на двије, под именима: Горња Дакија (лат. Dacia superior) и Доња Дакија (лат. Dacia inferior.
Од 167. до 169. године, Марко Аурелије је поново реорганизовао ову област, и административно подијелио на Апулумску Дакију, (Dacia Apulensis), Поролисумску Дакију (Dacia Porolissensis) и Малванску Дакију (Dacia Malvensis).
Изван контроле Рима остала је тзв слободна Дакија.
Током Трајанових дачанских ратова 101-106. године нове ере, огроман број Дачана је или убијен или одведен у робље, но значајан број је протјеран или мигрирао на простор тзв слободне Дакије, ту су се удружили са Бастарнима и још неким келтским и германским племенима те вршили упаде на територије под контролом Рима.
Под притиском Гота Рим 271.године повлачи војску и романизовано становништво из Дакије.
По једној теорији након што су се до 275. године Римљани повукли јужно од Дунава слободни Дачани ослобађају област римске провинције и придружју се преосталим Романо-Дачанима да би формирали дако-римску етничку групу која је говорила латински и која ће бити претходница савременог румуњског народа.
Гети и Дачани се у каснијим рукописима у времену касне антике и раног средњег вијека појављују када се говори у прошлом времену.
Могуће се један број Гета стопио са Готима и из тог разлога неки аутори рукописа касне антике и раног средњег вијека (Павле Орозије, Јорданес, Марцелин Комес, Јован Лидијски) поистовјећује Гете и Готе.
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