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Da li imaš odgovor što je bio uzrok toj gotovo totalnoj depopulaciji pa je usmerio I na sever kako reče?
Ево шта о томе кажу неки аутори:
Although widespread site abandonment during the late fourth millennium B.C. might have resulted from “a declining agricultural base,” Gimbutas’ Kurgan Hypothesis explains the dislocation of populations and the appearance of fortifications as the result of invasions by Kurgan peoples between the fifth and third millennia B.C. (Gimbutas 1991:358, 368). According to Gimbutas, the repeated intrusions of steppe people into Europe over two millennia shattered the continuity of Old European development (although Old European traditions continued in the Aegean and Mediterranean islands until the mid-second millennium B.C.). During the fourth millennium B.C., a structural reorganization seems to have taken place across much of southeast Europe. Evidence for this comes from the abandonment of 600-700 tell sites in the Balkans which had flourished from as early as the seventh millennium B.C. As archaeologist James Mallory points out,
the indigenous populations were displaced in every direction except eastward, moving into marginal locations - islands, caves or easily fortified hilltop sites.
The apparent cultural collapse and chaos of this period produced a Balkan “dark age” (Mallory 1989:238).
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Pavúk gives the calibrated radiocarbon dates for Lengyel I as c. 4900-4700 B.C., and Lengyel II as c. 4400-4200 B.C. He adds that “no fortifications dating from Lengyel III and Lengyel IV stages are known from Slovakia” (353-354). Since Lengyel I appears to have been prosperous and stable, the instability must have taken place during the Lengyel II phase (4400-4200 B.C.).
This period coincides exactly with the appearance of the first Kurgan wave into Europe.
In The Civilization of the Goddess, Marija Gimbutas writes:
North of Budapest and in western Slovakia, Lengyel disappears after c. 4400-4300 B.C., and reemerges in Bavaria, central Germany, and western Poland...
The discontinuity of the Varna, Karanovo, Vinča and Lengyel cultures in their main territories and the large scale population shifts to the north and northwest are indirect evidence of a catastrophe of such proportions that cannot be explained by possible climatic change, land exhaustion, or epidemics (for which there is no evidence in the second half of the 5th millennium B.C.). Direct evidence of the incursion of horse-riding warriors is found, not only in single burials of males under barrows, but in the emergence of a whole complex of Kurgan cultural traits... The earliest hill forts are contemporary with late Lengyel and Rössen materials or immediately follow them. Radiocarbon dates place this period between 4400 and 3900 B.C. (Gimbutas 1991:364).
A population fearing attack would be motivated to restructure an existing earthwork, originally created for ritual purposes and communal gatherings, into a fortification for protection. Such elaborations can be seen at the Slovakian sites of Svodín and _lkovce [Figs. 6 & 7]. Their final dislocations are noted by Pavúk in this way: “In the following phase of Lengyel IV (Ludanice), the farmers came back to the dunes and banks of the Danube, penetrating, for the first time since the Palaeolithic, the caves of western Slovakia” (Pavúk 1991:355).
This abandonment and movement, often propelling neighbouring cultures into one another, operated against a background not only of somewhat elusive traces of hybridization with the steppe cultures. . . but also with continuous incursions of mobile pastoralists (Mallory 1989:238).
Hayden continues:
Excavations at Talheim, in Germany, have exposed a Neolithic mass grave in which thirty-five skulls had been fractured by shoe-last axes used as maces (see Wahl & König, 1987),11 while arrowhead tips in the skeletons of early Neolithic peoples also indicate significant levels of group violence (Whittle, 1991:261;12 Schutkowski, 1991) (Hayden 1993:350).
Marija Gimbutas has also drawn from the article by Wahl & König to give an account of the Talheim finds:
Signs of violence - evidence of people murdered with spears or axes - appear in this period and continue in the subsequent millennia... In Talheim, east of River Neckar in south-western Germany, thirty-four skeletons of murdered people - men, women and children - were uncovered in a pit dug into the settlement area of the LBK (several potsherds of late LBK were found in the debris, but no other finds were associated with the skeletons). At least eighteen skulls had large holes in the back or top from thrusts of stone axes or flint points, which suggests that the people were killed from behind, perhaps as they fled. Skeletons were found in a pit 1.5 by 3.1 m across and 1.5 m deep in chaotic order and positions, with females, males, and children mixed together. Since murdered people were buried in the cultural layer of the LBK culture with radiocarbon dates indicating early 5th millennium B.C., the massacre must have happened after this time, probably within the Rössen period (Gimbutas 1991:364-365).
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