Да ли ми, уопште, знамо шта смо порушили?
"Развој Жрнова
Најстарији део Жрнова представља Мали град без две куле на југоисточном бедему. Подигнут је средњевековној Србији, али се не може ближе одредити доба његове градње.
Ходи паша 1442.године ојачава источни бедем од полукружне куле до југоисточног бедема,додавши полукружну кулу на сред југоисточног бедема и четвртасту кула-капију на јужном крају бедема.
Последњу фазу изградње Жрнова представља додавање бедема и копање сувог шанца око целог града које се одиграло после 1458.године."
"- Takav stav nekih mojih kolega je nedopustiv - kaže istoričar Radovan Damjanović, koji već godinama pokušava da reši zagonetku zašto je srpski suveren srušio Žrnov. - Sravniti sa zemljom čitav grad, čiji temelji datiraju još iz antike, bedemi iz ranog srednjeg veka, utvrdu koja je u putopisima nabrojana kao jedna od šest najznačajnijih u Srbiji, skandal je svoje vrste. "
"Damjanović, dodajući da su se u Žrnovu, u srednjem veku, nalazile i tri „visoke peći” u kojima se topila ruda"
"Oldest European blast furnaces[edit]
The first blast furnace of Germany as depicted in a miniature in the Deutsches Museum
The oldest known blast furnaces in the West were built in Dürstel in Switzerland, the Märkische Sauerland in Germany, and at Lapphyttan in Sweden, where the complex was active between 1205 and 1300.[15] At Noraskog in the Swedish parish of Järnboås, there have also been found traces of blast furnaces dated even earlier, possibly to around 1100.[16] These early blast furnaces, like the Chinese examples, were very inefficient compared to those used today. The iron from the Lapphyttan complex was used to produce balls of wrought iron known as osmonds, and these were traded internationally – a possible reference occurs in a treaty with Novgorod from 1203 and several certain references in accounts of English customs from the 1250s and 1320s. Other furnaces of the 13th to 15th centuries have been identified in Westphalia.[17]
The provenance of the technology is not certain. One possibility involves technology transfer from China. Al-Qazvini in the 13th century and other travellers subsequently noted an iron industry in the Alburz Mountains to the south of the Caspian Sea. This is close to the silk route, so that the use of technology derived from China is conceivable. Much later descriptions record blast furnaces about three metres high.[18] As the Varangian Rus' people from Scandinavia traded with the Caspian (using their Volga trade route, it is possible that the technology reached Sweden by this means.[19] However, since blast furnace has also been invented independently in Africa by the Haya people, it is more likely the process has been invented in Scandinavia independently. The step from bloomery to true blast furnace is not big.
This Caspian region may also separately be the technological source for at furnace at Ferriere, described by Filarete.[20] Water-powered bellows at Semogo in northern Italy in 1226 in a two-stage process. In this, the molten iron was tapped twice a day into water thereby granulating it.[21]
Cistercian contributions[edit]
One means by which certain technological advances were transmitted within Europe was a result of the General Chapter of the Cistercian monks. This may have included the blast furnace, as the Cistercians are known to have been skilled metallurgists.[22] According to Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every monastery had a model factory, often as large as the church and only several feet away, and waterpower drove the machinery of the various industries located on its floor." Iron ore deposits were often donated to the monks along with forges to extract the iron, and within time surpluses were being offered for sale. The Cistercians became the leading iron producers in Champagne, France, from the mid-13th century to the 17th century,[23] also using the phosphate-rich slag from their furnaces as an agricultural fertilizer.[24]
Archaeologists are still discovering the extent of Cistercian technology.[25] At Laskill, an outstation of Rievaulx Abbey and the only medieval blast furnace so far identified in Britain, the slag produced was low in iron content.[26] Slag from other furnaces of the time contained a substantial concentration of iron, whereas Laskill is believed to have produced cast iron quite efficiently.[26][27][28] Its date is not yet clear, but it probably did not survive until Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries in the late 1530s, as an agreement (immediately after that) concerning the "smythes" with the Earl of Rutland in 1541 refers to blooms.[29] Nevertheless, the means by which the blast furnace spread in medieval Europe has not finally been determined."
"Развој Жрнова
Најстарији део Жрнова представља Мали град без две куле на југоисточном бедему. Подигнут је средњевековној Србији, али се не може ближе одредити доба његове градње.
Ходи паша 1442.године ојачава источни бедем од полукружне куле до југоисточног бедема,додавши полукружну кулу на сред југоисточног бедема и четвртасту кула-капију на јужном крају бедема.
Последњу фазу изградње Жрнова представља додавање бедема и копање сувог шанца око целог града које се одиграло после 1458.године."
"- Takav stav nekih mojih kolega je nedopustiv - kaže istoričar Radovan Damjanović, koji već godinama pokušava da reši zagonetku zašto je srpski suveren srušio Žrnov. - Sravniti sa zemljom čitav grad, čiji temelji datiraju još iz antike, bedemi iz ranog srednjeg veka, utvrdu koja je u putopisima nabrojana kao jedna od šest najznačajnijih u Srbiji, skandal je svoje vrste. "
"Damjanović, dodajući da su se u Žrnovu, u srednjem veku, nalazile i tri „visoke peći” u kojima se topila ruda"
"Oldest European blast furnaces[edit]
The first blast furnace of Germany as depicted in a miniature in the Deutsches Museum
The oldest known blast furnaces in the West were built in Dürstel in Switzerland, the Märkische Sauerland in Germany, and at Lapphyttan in Sweden, where the complex was active between 1205 and 1300.[15] At Noraskog in the Swedish parish of Järnboås, there have also been found traces of blast furnaces dated even earlier, possibly to around 1100.[16] These early blast furnaces, like the Chinese examples, were very inefficient compared to those used today. The iron from the Lapphyttan complex was used to produce balls of wrought iron known as osmonds, and these were traded internationally – a possible reference occurs in a treaty with Novgorod from 1203 and several certain references in accounts of English customs from the 1250s and 1320s. Other furnaces of the 13th to 15th centuries have been identified in Westphalia.[17]
The provenance of the technology is not certain. One possibility involves technology transfer from China. Al-Qazvini in the 13th century and other travellers subsequently noted an iron industry in the Alburz Mountains to the south of the Caspian Sea. This is close to the silk route, so that the use of technology derived from China is conceivable. Much later descriptions record blast furnaces about three metres high.[18] As the Varangian Rus' people from Scandinavia traded with the Caspian (using their Volga trade route, it is possible that the technology reached Sweden by this means.[19] However, since blast furnace has also been invented independently in Africa by the Haya people, it is more likely the process has been invented in Scandinavia independently. The step from bloomery to true blast furnace is not big.
This Caspian region may also separately be the technological source for at furnace at Ferriere, described by Filarete.[20] Water-powered bellows at Semogo in northern Italy in 1226 in a two-stage process. In this, the molten iron was tapped twice a day into water thereby granulating it.[21]
Cistercian contributions[edit]
One means by which certain technological advances were transmitted within Europe was a result of the General Chapter of the Cistercian monks. This may have included the blast furnace, as the Cistercians are known to have been skilled metallurgists.[22] According to Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every monastery had a model factory, often as large as the church and only several feet away, and waterpower drove the machinery of the various industries located on its floor." Iron ore deposits were often donated to the monks along with forges to extract the iron, and within time surpluses were being offered for sale. The Cistercians became the leading iron producers in Champagne, France, from the mid-13th century to the 17th century,[23] also using the phosphate-rich slag from their furnaces as an agricultural fertilizer.[24]
Archaeologists are still discovering the extent of Cistercian technology.[25] At Laskill, an outstation of Rievaulx Abbey and the only medieval blast furnace so far identified in Britain, the slag produced was low in iron content.[26] Slag from other furnaces of the time contained a substantial concentration of iron, whereas Laskill is believed to have produced cast iron quite efficiently.[26][27][28] Its date is not yet clear, but it probably did not survive until Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries in the late 1530s, as an agreement (immediately after that) concerning the "smythes" with the Earl of Rutland in 1541 refers to blooms.[29] Nevertheless, the means by which the blast furnace spread in medieval Europe has not finally been determined."
