Pumpaj Dinstanović
Zaslužan član
- Poruka
- 105.358
-
- Popularno:
- Štimac iz svog života precrtao...
- Da li zna neko?
- Ovo je Merima (24) koja je pokušala da...
- Da li je Ćacilend blokaderski...
- Predsednik: Vlada, ako hoće, može da...
- Slatkiš vašeg detinjstva
- Srbija se menja,lepa Mongolka...
- Stop separatizmu u Vojvodini! Vučević:...
- Ima li vlast strategiju širu od...
- Da li je moralno voziti kola po gradu?
Vlasi — balkanski fenomen
- Začetnik teme Pravi Vlah
- Datum pokretanja
Cro_čvarak
Iskusan
- Poruka
- 6.938
Gleda malo nedavno etnički sastav Armenije, ima i Vlaha nekih 1, 5 %, tako da Vlasi zasigurno nisu balkanski fenomen.
Pumpaj Dinstanović
Zaslužan član
- Poruka
- 105.358
suave
Domaćin
- Poruka
- 3.967
Nisi u toku sa najnovijim radovima. Svi znaju da u Jermeniji ima VlahaŠta bre?
https://search.proquest.com/openvie...d8fee8c5ef/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4840101
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Interesantno bi bilo videti njihov haplogrupski profil.Nisi u toku sa najnovijim radovima. Svi znaju da u Jermeniji ima Vlaha
https://search.proquest.com/openvie...d8fee8c5ef/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4840101
suave
Domaćin
- Poruka
- 3.967
Sigurno bi, mada verujem da bi se moglo raditi o slovenskim haplogrupama. Postojala je neka zajednica vlaho-slavena pre mongolske invazije na Rusiju a i kasnije je, nadiranjem Turaka sa juga sigurno došlo do pomeranja stanovništva ka istoku. S obzirom na haplogrupe Rumuna i Moldavaca verovatno dominiraju slavenske haplogrupe, uz neki udeo balkanskih grupa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolokhovians
Cro_čvarak
Iskusan
- Poruka
- 6.938
Po odakle ti molim te takvo vjerovanje? Zašto bi moralo biti genetske veze Vlaha u Armeniji i recimo Vlaha u Makedoniji? Meni se sve čini da ti ne shvaćaš tko su i što su zapravo Vlasi? Vlaha ima još i u Turskoj, bilo ih je i u Tunisu u Alžiru.
Cro_čvarak
Iskusan
- Poruka
- 6.938
Kad smo kod Armenije, porijeklo slavnog dirigenta Herberta von Krajana nije razriješeno, neki tvrde da je armenskog a neki da je vlaškog/cincarskog podrijetla.
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Karagunj. Makedonski Cincarin.
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Može biti, ali i ne mora. Zato nam nagađanje i nije interesantno u ovom slučaju.
Cro_čvarak
Iskusan
- Poruka
- 6.938
Kao i Todor Prota poznatiji kao Toše Proevski. Ti makedonski Cincari nešto mnogo muzikalan narod..
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Vlasi su žitelji Rimskog Carstva bez obzira na etničku pripadnost.
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Pa koja je narodna muzika najbolja u Jugoslaviji?
Cro_čvarak
Iskusan
- Poruka
- 6.938
Da, i sad jesu li Francuzi ili Portugalci Vlasi? Imamo Valonce u Belgiji, očigledno je da Valonac znači isto kao i Vlah.
Poslednja izmena:
Cro_čvarak
Iskusan
- Poruka
- 6.938
U Hrvatskoj još u 18-om stoljeću imamo dokumente u kojima su jasno naznačeno Vlasi. Tako imamo dokumente da je naseljevano vlaško stanovništvo radi izgradnje i čuvanja ceste Karoline, ali Vlasi su se zapravo odali razbojništvu. Danas je jedina očuvana Vlaška zajednica u Hrvatskoj ona u unutrašnjosti Istre. Bilo ih je relativno dosta u Dalmatinskoj Zagori ali danas ih nema. Neki smatraju da ona igra šije šete vuče vlaško korijen. Po prezimenima i imenima naselja može se zaključiti da je najviše Vlaha u Imotskoj krajini, a tu su najveće H(R)vatine, zanimljivo?
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Slušaj, Vlasi su svuda Rimljani, ali ne u etničkom nego u administrativno-političkom smislu.
Vlasi su, nauka je potvrdila:
1. Sloveni iz Rimskog Carstva
2. Kelti iz Rimskog Carstva
3. Romani iz Rimskog Carstva
... a ja uspešno objašnjavam zašto ih zovu "Vlasi" (Volke, Velš, Valon). Zato što dolaze iz Rimskog Carstva.
Možda sam zaboravio neku etničku grupu, ali dodao viška sigurno nisam.
Sam naziv Vlah je slovenske etimologije (vlak - sluga) i originalno označava pojam kojim su izvanrimski Sloveni označavali rimske Slovene.
Ovo u pojašnjenju:
(Druga eventualna etimologija naziva vlasi, a u semantičkoj opoziciji sa rob-sloven bila bi vlastni - "oni koji imaju vlast nad svojom slobodom (nisu robovi)" ili, "oni koji pripadaju vlasti carstva". Onda bi se iz množinskog oblika vlasi gradio singular vlah, ali ovo je malo teži put s obzirom na reflekse, iako ne nemoguć. Mislim da se kod Fortisa (Viaggio...) govori upravo o toj etimologiji.)
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
To su vaši mokri snovi. Ti vlasi su zgoljni Srbi.
Šijavica ne odmiče od obale i dalmatskog romanskog uticaja.
Ćići su dobar primer, jer su pleme Rumuna (Romanovlaha) koje je za razliku od srpskih vlaha (Krajišnika, Hercegovaca, Šokaca, Bunjavaca) zaista romanizovanog etničkog porekla.
Moje je mišljenje da je rumunska pradomovina današnja centralna Albanija.
Vlach Original Homeland
Vlach Blakan Homeland
Vlach Original Homeland
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Ovde imaš "Vlahe" Bele Krajine. Slično je sa Žumberkom.
500 godina očuvali su čist srpski jezik izolovani kao ostrvo među Kranjcima. Nijdna jedina romanska reč u vokabularu.
Došli su sa reke Bojane - od Skadra. To su, dakle, "Uskoci".
500 godina očuvali su čist srpski jezik izolovani kao ostrvo među Kranjcima. Nijdna jedina romanska reč u vokabularu.
Došli su sa reke Bojane - od Skadra. To su, dakle, "Uskoci".
Cro_čvarak
Iskusan
- Poruka
- 6.938
Znači po tebi Vlasi su zapravo Slaveni??? Što prvo se romanizirani pa se slavenizirali pa se opet romanizirani, da bi u modernom dobu opet postali Slaveni? Baš i nema smisla? Ili si pobornik onog redikula Gorana Šarića?
Što se tiče šijavice tu si neupitno u krivu i nema više nikakve rasprave o tome. Šijavica je karakteristična za Zagoru, na moru je smatrana znakom primitivizma. Valjda ja kao Dalmatinac bolje znam..
Pumpaj Dinstanović
Zaslužan član
- Poruka
- 105.358
Ukratko, jeste, i ne otvaraj tu temu Hesusa i Marije ti.
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Pa naravno. Moda i postoji jer omogućava da se oni na izvoru informacija razlikuju od onih na njihovom repu. Balota, briškula, bevanda - danas je sve karakteristično za Zagoru, ali je došlo iz Venecije i ostatka Apeniskog poluostrva.
Ne šempijaj.
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Koje su tvoje tegobe?
Reč Vlah etimološki najverovatnije dolazi od slovenske reči vlak (jednakog kratkosilaznog akcenta) gde se završno k prelazi u h. Vlahija je "sužanjstvo", a vlah - sužanj u osnovnom značenju.
Khal Drogo
Elita
- Poruka
- 17.702
Између балканских Влаха и Валонаца у Белгији дефинитивно постоји веза и у етимолошком смислу и што се тиче припадности истој (романској) културној сфери а не треба искључити ни могућу етничку повезаност иако код овог задњег ваља бити баш опрезан.
Сами Валонци (енгл.википедија овдје)
као и Румуњи припадају породици романских народа.
Само име Валонци потиче од имена "Walhaz", старогерманског израза за романизоване Келте.
Само име "Walhaz" готово сигурно потиче од имена келтског племена (или племенског савеза) које је Римљанима било познато као Волке/"Volcae" (помиње их у списима и извјесни Јулије Цезар), а Грци (Страбон и Птоломеј) га помињу као Οὐόλκαι / Ouólkai.
Сами Волке/"Volcae" (енгл.википедија овдје)
били су како написах келтско племе или конфедерација келтских племена основана прије похода на Македонију почетком III вијека п.н.е., грчки војни савез их побјеђује у бици код Термопила 279. године п.н.е., након чега разбијени се враћају и на простору око Дунава племе Скордиска успоставиће своју власт потискујући Трибале и друга трачка племена.
Племена позната под именом Волке пронађена су истовремено у јужној Галији, Моравској, долини Ебра на Пиринејском полуострву, те и Галатији (крак који се одвојио прије бирке код Термопила и прешао у Анадолију).
Цезаров приказ етногенезе и миграције Волка.
Е сад, из германске ријечи Walhaz, дефинитивно су се развила бројна имена, укљулујући и име Власи које су у Византији користили од VIII вијека за латинофоне и романизоване становнике царства, без обзира на етничко поријекло. Да ли постоји и етничка веза са овим келтским племеном (или племеснким савезом) ваља бити опрезан прије коначног става.
Сами Валонци (енгл.википедија овдје)
Walloons
[TR]
[TH]
France[/TH]
[TD]133,066[4][5][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Belgian French
Regional Langues d'oïl
[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Historically Roman Catholic majority
Protestant minority (see also Walloon church)
Increasingly irreligious[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Other Romance and Germanic peoples
[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]^a U.S. population census does not differentiate between Belgians and Walloons, therefore the number of the latter is unknown. Walloons might also identify as French, of which there were as many as 8.2 million.
^b Canadian census does not differentiate between Belgians and Walloons, therefore the number of the latter is unknown and indeterminable. In 2011, 176,615 respondents stated Belgian ethnic origin; this figure definitely includes a substantial number of ethnic Flemings who may also identify as Belgian even though the census differentiates between the two. They may also be inclined to identify as French, of which there were as many as 7 million.[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
Walloons (/wɒˈluːnz/; French: Wallons [walɔ̃] (
listen); Walloon: Walons) are a Romance[6][7] ethnic group native to Belgium, principally its southern region of Wallonia, who primarily speak langues d'oïl such as Belgian French, Picard and Walloon. Walloons are a distinctive ethnic community within Belgium.[8] Important historical and anthropological criteria (ancestry, religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the French people.[9][10]
More generally, the term is also extended to refer to the inhabitants of the Walloon region in general, regardless of ethnicity or descent.
Etymology
The term Walloon is derived from *walha, a Proto-Germanic term used to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers.[11]
Walloon originated in Romance languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace is found in Jean de Haynin's Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies in 1465,[disputed – discuss] where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. Its meaning narrowed yet again during the French and Dutch periods and, at Belgian independence, the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Walloon, Picard, etc.) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds a political content to "the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept".[12] The words Walloon and Wallons can be seen in the book of Charles White, The Belgic Revolution (1835): "The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the centre of the commotion.".[13][14][15] The Spanish terms of Walon and Walona from the 17th century referred to a Royal Guard Corps recruited in the Spanish Flanders. They were involved in many of the most significant battles of the Spanish Empire.
Albert Henry wrote that although in 1988 the word Walloon evoked a constitutional reality, it originally referred to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands and was also used to designate a territory by the terms provinces wallonnes or Walloon country (Pays wallon), from the 16th century to the Belgian revolution, and later Wallonia.[16] The term 'Walloon country' was also used in Dutch viz. Walsch land.[17][18] The term existed also in German, perhaps Wulland in Hans Heyst's book (1571) where Wulland is translated by Wallonia in English (1814).[19] In German it is however generally Wallonenland : Le païs de Valons, Belgolalia, Wallonenland, in "Le Grand Dictionnaire Royal" Augsbourg, 1767;[20][21] The name of the churches' consecration is in Touraine assemblées, in Brittany pardons, in the northern Departments sometimes kermesses, sometimes as in the Walloon country, ducasses (from dedicatio) [22] In English, it is Walloon country (see further James Shaw).[23] In French (and France (Wand)), it is le Pays wallon: The Walloon country included the greatest part of to-day's Belgium, the Province of Flandre orientale, the Province of Flandre occidentale both named Flandre wallonne, the Province of Namur, the Hainaut, the Limbourg, the pays de Liège and even the Luxembourg[24][25] For Félix Rousseau, Walloon country is, after le Roman pays the old name of the country of the Walloons[26] and the nickname Romande was commonly used to describe Walloons until the late 19th century.[citation needed]
Institutional aspects
Main articles: Wallonia and State reform in Belgium
The term "state reform" in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas.[27]
Conceptual and emotional aspects
Wallonia
The extent of Wallonia, the area defined by the use of the language, has shifted through the ages. The low-lying area of Flanders and the hilly region of the Ardennes have been under the control of many city-states and external powers. Such changing rule brought variations to borders, culture, and language. The Walloon language, widespread in use up until the Second World War, has been dying out of common use due to growing internationalisation. Although official educational systems do not include it as a language, the French government continues to support the use of French within the "Francophonie" commonwealth.
This is complicated by the federal structure of Belgium, which splits Belgium into three communities with the privilege of using their own tongues in official correspondence, but also into three autonomous regions. The communities are: French community (though not Walloon, but sometimes controversially called Wallonia-Brussels),[28] Flemish community (which uses Dutch), and German-speaking community. The division into political regions does not correspond with the communities: Flemish Region, Walloon Region (including the German community but generally called Wallonia), and the bilingual (French-Dutch) Brussels-Capital Region.
Brussels - not Walloon but mostly French-speaking
Many non-French-speaking observers (over)generalize Walloons as a term of convenience for all Belgian French-speakers (even those born and living in the Brussels-Capital Region). The mixing of the population over the centuries means that most families can trace ancestors on both sides of the linguistic divide. But, the fact that Brussels is around 85% French-speaking, but is located in Dutch-speaking Flanders, has led to friction between the regions and communities. The local dialect in Brussels, Brussels Vloms, is a Brabantic dialect, reflecting the Dutch heritage of the city.
Walloons are historically credited with pioneering the industrial revolution in Continental Europe in the early 19th century.[29] In modern history, Brussels has been the major town or the capital of the region. Because of long Spanish and minor French rule, French became the sole official language. After a brief period with Dutch as the official language while the region was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the people reinstated French after achieving independence in 1830. The Walloon region, a major coal and steel-producing area, developed rapidly into the economic powerhouse of the country. Walloons (in fact French-speaking elites who were called Walloons) became politically dominant. Many Flemish immigrants came to work in Wallonia. Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the gradual decline of steel and more especially coal, coupled with too little investment in service industries and light industry (which came to predominate in Flanders), started to tip the balance in the other direction. Flanders became gradually politically and economically dominant. In their turn, Walloon families have moved to Flanders in search of jobs.[citation needed] This evolution has not been without political repercussions.
Walloon identity
The heartland of Walloon culture are the Meuse river and Sambre valleys, Charleroi, Dinant, Namur (the regional capital), Huy, Verviers, and Liège.
Regional language statistics
The Walloon language is an element of Walloon identity. However, the entire French-speaking population of Wallonia cannot be culturally considered Walloon, since a significant portion in the west (around Tournai and Mons) and smaller portions in the extreme south (around Arlon) possess other languages as mother tongues (namely, Picard, Champenois, Luxembourgish, and Lorrain). All of them can speak French as well or better.
A survey of the Centre liégeois d'étude de l'opinion[30] pointed out in 1989 that 71.8% of the younger people of Wallonia understand and speak only a little or no Walloon language; 17.4% speak it well; and only 10.4% speak it exclusively.[31] Based on other surveys and figures, Laurent Hendschel wrote in 1999 that between 30 and 40% people were bilingual in Wallonia (Walloon, Picard), among them 10% of the younger population (18–30 years old). According to Hendschel, there are 36 to 58% of young people have a passive knowledge of the regional languages.[32] On the other hand, Givet commune, several villages in the Ardennes département in France, which publishes the journal Causons wallon (Let us speak Walloon);[33] and two villages in Luxembourg are historically Walloon-speaking.
Walloons in the Middle Ages
Since the 11th century, the great towns along the river Meuse, for example, Dinant, Huy, and Liège, traded with Germany, where Wallengassen (Walloons' neighborhoods) were founded in certain cities.[34] In Cologne, the Walloons were the most important foreign community, as noted by three roads named Walloonstreet in the city.[35] The Walloons traded for materials they lacked, such as copper, found in Germany, especially at Goslar.
In the 13th century, the medieval German colonization of Transylvania (central and North-Western Romania) also included numerous Walloons. Place names such as Wallendorf (Walloon Village) and family names such as Valendorfean (Wallon peasant) can be found among the Romanian citizens of Transylvania.[36]
Walloons in the Renaissance
In 1572 Jean Bodin made a funny play on words which has been well known in Wallonia to the present:
Shakespeare used the word Walloon: "A base Walloon, to win the Dauphin's grace/Thrust Talbot with a spear in the back." A note in Henry VI, Part I says, "At this time, the Walloons [were] the inhabitants of the area, now in south Belgium, still known as the 'Pays wallon'."[39] Albert Henry agrees, quoting Maurice Piron,[40] also quoted by A.J. Hoenselaars:[41] "'Walloon' meaning 'Walloon country' in Shakespeare's 'Henry VI'..."[42]
Walloons in Sweden
Starting from the 1620s, numerous Walloon miners and iron-workers, with their families, settled in Sweden to work in iron mining and refining.[43] Walloon methods of iron production were incorporated into Swedish practice, to supplement the existing German techniques. Many Walloon workers settled around the mine at Dannemora producing Öregrund iron which represented 15 per cent of Sweden's iron production at that time.[44]
They were originally led by the entrepreneur Louis de Geer, who commissioned them to work in the iron mines of Uppland and Östergötland. The wave of migration continued substantially into the 18th century. Walloons became gradually integrated into Swedish society, but it was not until the end quarter of the 20th century when they were fully integrated, when the Swedish legislation allowed Catholics to become civil servants.[citation needed] Walloon ancestry is traceable through Walloon surnames. Some people of Walloon descent belong to the Sällskapet Vallonättlingar (Society of Walloon Descendants).[45]
Walloons and the Enlightenment
A 1786 history of the Netherlands noted, "[The] Haynault and Namur, with Artois, now no longer an Austrian Province, compose the Walloon country. The Walloon name and language are also extended into the adjacent districts of the neighbouring Provinces. A large part of Brabant, where that Province borders on Haynault and Namur, is named Walloon Brabant. The affinity of language seems also on some occasions to have wrought a nearer relation."[46]
The Belgian revolution of 1830
The Belgian revolution was recently described as firstly a conflict between the Brussels municipality which was secondly disseminated in the rest of the country, "particularly in the Walloon provinces".[47] We read the nearly same opinion in Edmundson's book:
A few years after the Belgian revolution in 1830, the historian Louis Dewez underlined that "Belgium is shared into two people, Walloons and Flemings. The former are speaking French, the latter are speaking Flemish. The border is clear (...) The provinces which are back the Walloon line, i.e.: the Province of Liège, the Brabant wallon, the Province of Namur, the Province of Hainaut are Walloon [...] And the other provinces throughout the line [...] are Flemish. It is not an arbitrarian division or an imagined combination in order to support an opinion or create a system: it is a fact..."[55] Jules Michelet traveled in Wallonia in 1840 and we can read many times in his History of France his interest for Wallonia and the Walloons pp 35,120,139,172, 287, 297,300, 347,401, 439, 455, 468 (this page on the Culture of Wallonia), 476 (1851 edition published online)[56]
Relationship with the German-speaking community
The Walloon Region institutionally comprises also the German-speaking community of Belgium around Eupen, in the east of the region, next to Germany which ceded the area to Belgium after the First World War. Many of the 60,000 or so inhabitants of this very small community reject being considered as Walloon and – with their community executive leader Karl-Heinz Lambertz want to remain a federating unit, and to have all the powers of the Belgian Regions and Communities. Even if they do not want them absolutely and immediately (10 July 2008, official speech for the Flanders' national holiday).[57]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
 | |
| c. 3.5–4 million | |
| 3,240,000[1] |
| Indeterminable[a] (352,630 Belgians)[2] |
| 176,615https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloons#endnote_b (Belgians)[3] |
[TR]
[TH]
[TD]133,066[4][5][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Belgian French
Regional Langues d'oïl
[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Historically Roman Catholic majority
Protestant minority (see also Walloon church)
Increasingly irreligious[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Other Romance and Germanic peoples
[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]^a U.S. population census does not differentiate between Belgians and Walloons, therefore the number of the latter is unknown. Walloons might also identify as French, of which there were as many as 8.2 million.
^b Canadian census does not differentiate between Belgians and Walloons, therefore the number of the latter is unknown and indeterminable. In 2011, 176,615 respondents stated Belgian ethnic origin; this figure definitely includes a substantial number of ethnic Flemings who may also identify as Belgian even though the census differentiates between the two. They may also be inclined to identify as French, of which there were as many as 7 million.[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
Walloons (/wɒˈluːnz/; French: Wallons [walɔ̃] (
listen); Walloon: Walons) are a Romance[6][7] ethnic group native to Belgium, principally its southern region of Wallonia, who primarily speak langues d'oïl such as Belgian French, Picard and Walloon. Walloons are a distinctive ethnic community within Belgium.[8] Important historical and anthropological criteria (ancestry, religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the French people.[9][10]More generally, the term is also extended to refer to the inhabitants of the Walloon region in general, regardless of ethnicity or descent.
Etymology
The term Walloon is derived from *walha, a Proto-Germanic term used to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers.[11]
Walloon originated in Romance languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace is found in Jean de Haynin's Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies in 1465,[disputed – discuss] where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. Its meaning narrowed yet again during the French and Dutch periods and, at Belgian independence, the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Walloon, Picard, etc.) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds a political content to "the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept".[12] The words Walloon and Wallons can be seen in the book of Charles White, The Belgic Revolution (1835): "The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the centre of the commotion.".[13][14][15] The Spanish terms of Walon and Walona from the 17th century referred to a Royal Guard Corps recruited in the Spanish Flanders. They were involved in many of the most significant battles of the Spanish Empire.
Albert Henry wrote that although in 1988 the word Walloon evoked a constitutional reality, it originally referred to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands and was also used to designate a territory by the terms provinces wallonnes or Walloon country (Pays wallon), from the 16th century to the Belgian revolution, and later Wallonia.[16] The term 'Walloon country' was also used in Dutch viz. Walsch land.[17][18] The term existed also in German, perhaps Wulland in Hans Heyst's book (1571) where Wulland is translated by Wallonia in English (1814).[19] In German it is however generally Wallonenland : Le païs de Valons, Belgolalia, Wallonenland, in "Le Grand Dictionnaire Royal" Augsbourg, 1767;[20][21] The name of the churches' consecration is in Touraine assemblées, in Brittany pardons, in the northern Departments sometimes kermesses, sometimes as in the Walloon country, ducasses (from dedicatio) [22] In English, it is Walloon country (see further James Shaw).[23] In French (and France (Wand)), it is le Pays wallon: The Walloon country included the greatest part of to-day's Belgium, the Province of Flandre orientale, the Province of Flandre occidentale both named Flandre wallonne, the Province of Namur, the Hainaut, the Limbourg, the pays de Liège and even the Luxembourg[24][25] For Félix Rousseau, Walloon country is, after le Roman pays the old name of the country of the Walloons[26] and the nickname Romande was commonly used to describe Walloons until the late 19th century.[citation needed]
Institutional aspects
Main articles: Wallonia and State reform in Belgium
The term "state reform" in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas.[27]
Conceptual and emotional aspects
Wallonia
The extent of Wallonia, the area defined by the use of the language, has shifted through the ages. The low-lying area of Flanders and the hilly region of the Ardennes have been under the control of many city-states and external powers. Such changing rule brought variations to borders, culture, and language. The Walloon language, widespread in use up until the Second World War, has been dying out of common use due to growing internationalisation. Although official educational systems do not include it as a language, the French government continues to support the use of French within the "Francophonie" commonwealth.
This is complicated by the federal structure of Belgium, which splits Belgium into three communities with the privilege of using their own tongues in official correspondence, but also into three autonomous regions. The communities are: French community (though not Walloon, but sometimes controversially called Wallonia-Brussels),[28] Flemish community (which uses Dutch), and German-speaking community. The division into political regions does not correspond with the communities: Flemish Region, Walloon Region (including the German community but generally called Wallonia), and the bilingual (French-Dutch) Brussels-Capital Region.
Brussels - not Walloon but mostly French-speaking
Many non-French-speaking observers (over)generalize Walloons as a term of convenience for all Belgian French-speakers (even those born and living in the Brussels-Capital Region). The mixing of the population over the centuries means that most families can trace ancestors on both sides of the linguistic divide. But, the fact that Brussels is around 85% French-speaking, but is located in Dutch-speaking Flanders, has led to friction between the regions and communities. The local dialect in Brussels, Brussels Vloms, is a Brabantic dialect, reflecting the Dutch heritage of the city.
Walloons are historically credited with pioneering the industrial revolution in Continental Europe in the early 19th century.[29] In modern history, Brussels has been the major town or the capital of the region. Because of long Spanish and minor French rule, French became the sole official language. After a brief period with Dutch as the official language while the region was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the people reinstated French after achieving independence in 1830. The Walloon region, a major coal and steel-producing area, developed rapidly into the economic powerhouse of the country. Walloons (in fact French-speaking elites who were called Walloons) became politically dominant. Many Flemish immigrants came to work in Wallonia. Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the gradual decline of steel and more especially coal, coupled with too little investment in service industries and light industry (which came to predominate in Flanders), started to tip the balance in the other direction. Flanders became gradually politically and economically dominant. In their turn, Walloon families have moved to Flanders in search of jobs.[citation needed] This evolution has not been without political repercussions.
Walloon identity
The heartland of Walloon culture are the Meuse river and Sambre valleys, Charleroi, Dinant, Namur (the regional capital), Huy, Verviers, and Liège.
Regional language statistics
The Walloon language is an element of Walloon identity. However, the entire French-speaking population of Wallonia cannot be culturally considered Walloon, since a significant portion in the west (around Tournai and Mons) and smaller portions in the extreme south (around Arlon) possess other languages as mother tongues (namely, Picard, Champenois, Luxembourgish, and Lorrain). All of them can speak French as well or better.
A survey of the Centre liégeois d'étude de l'opinion[30] pointed out in 1989 that 71.8% of the younger people of Wallonia understand and speak only a little or no Walloon language; 17.4% speak it well; and only 10.4% speak it exclusively.[31] Based on other surveys and figures, Laurent Hendschel wrote in 1999 that between 30 and 40% people were bilingual in Wallonia (Walloon, Picard), among them 10% of the younger population (18–30 years old). According to Hendschel, there are 36 to 58% of young people have a passive knowledge of the regional languages.[32] On the other hand, Givet commune, several villages in the Ardennes département in France, which publishes the journal Causons wallon (Let us speak Walloon);[33] and two villages in Luxembourg are historically Walloon-speaking.
Walloons in the Middle Ages
Since the 11th century, the great towns along the river Meuse, for example, Dinant, Huy, and Liège, traded with Germany, where Wallengassen (Walloons' neighborhoods) were founded in certain cities.[34] In Cologne, the Walloons were the most important foreign community, as noted by three roads named Walloonstreet in the city.[35] The Walloons traded for materials they lacked, such as copper, found in Germany, especially at Goslar.
In the 13th century, the medieval German colonization of Transylvania (central and North-Western Romania) also included numerous Walloons. Place names such as Wallendorf (Walloon Village) and family names such as Valendorfean (Wallon peasant) can be found among the Romanian citizens of Transylvania.[36]
Walloons in the Renaissance
In 1572 Jean Bodin made a funny play on words which has been well known in Wallonia to the present:
Translation: "We are called Walloons by the Belgians because when the ancient people of Gallia were travelling the length and breadth of the earth, it happened that they asked each other: 'Où allons-nous?' [Where are we going? : the pronunciation of these French words is the same as the French word Wallons (plus 'us')], i.e. 'To which goal are we walking?.' It is probable they took from it the name Ouallons (Wallons), which the Latin speaking are not able to pronounce without changing the word by the use of the letter G." One of the best translations of his (humorous) sayings used daily in Wallonia[38] is "These are strange times we are living in."
Shakespeare used the word Walloon: "A base Walloon, to win the Dauphin's grace/Thrust Talbot with a spear in the back." A note in Henry VI, Part I says, "At this time, the Walloons [were] the inhabitants of the area, now in south Belgium, still known as the 'Pays wallon'."[39] Albert Henry agrees, quoting Maurice Piron,[40] also quoted by A.J. Hoenselaars:[41] "'Walloon' meaning 'Walloon country' in Shakespeare's 'Henry VI'..."[42]
Walloons in Sweden
Starting from the 1620s, numerous Walloon miners and iron-workers, with their families, settled in Sweden to work in iron mining and refining.[43] Walloon methods of iron production were incorporated into Swedish practice, to supplement the existing German techniques. Many Walloon workers settled around the mine at Dannemora producing Öregrund iron which represented 15 per cent of Sweden's iron production at that time.[44]
They were originally led by the entrepreneur Louis de Geer, who commissioned them to work in the iron mines of Uppland and Östergötland. The wave of migration continued substantially into the 18th century. Walloons became gradually integrated into Swedish society, but it was not until the end quarter of the 20th century when they were fully integrated, when the Swedish legislation allowed Catholics to become civil servants.[citation needed] Walloon ancestry is traceable through Walloon surnames. Some people of Walloon descent belong to the Sällskapet Vallonättlingar (Society of Walloon Descendants).[45]
Walloons and the Enlightenment
A 1786 history of the Netherlands noted, "[The] Haynault and Namur, with Artois, now no longer an Austrian Province, compose the Walloon country. The Walloon name and language are also extended into the adjacent districts of the neighbouring Provinces. A large part of Brabant, where that Province borders on Haynault and Namur, is named Walloon Brabant. The affinity of language seems also on some occasions to have wrought a nearer relation."[46]
The Belgian revolution of 1830
The Belgian revolution was recently described as firstly a conflict between the Brussels municipality which was secondly disseminated in the rest of the country, "particularly in the Walloon provinces".[47] We read the nearly same opinion in Edmundson's book:
Jacques Logie wrote: "On the 6th October, the whole Wallonia was under the Provisional Government's control. In the Flemish part of the country the collapse of the Royal Government was as total and quick as in Wallonia, except Ghent and Antwerp."[49] Robert Demoulin, who was Professor at the University of Liège, wrote: "Liège is in the forefront of the battle for liberty",[50] more than Brussels but with Brussels. He wrote the same thing for Leuven. According to Demoulin, these three cities are the républiques municipales at the head of the Belgian revolution. In this chapter VI of his book, Le soulèvement national (pp. 93–117), before writing "On the 6th October, the whole Wallonia is free",[51] he quotes the following municipalities from which volunteers were going to Brussels, the "centre of the commotion", in order to take part in the battle against the Dutch troops: Tournai, Namur, Wavre (p. 105) Braine-l'Alleud, Genappe, Jodoigne, Perwez, Rebecq, Grez-Doiceau, Limelette [fr], Nivelles (p. 106), Charleroi (and its region), Gosselies, Lodelinsart (p. 107), Soignies, Leuze, Thuin, Jemappes (p. 108), Dour, Saint-Ghislain, Pâturages [fr] (p. 109) and he concluded: "So, from the Walloon little towns and countryside, people came to the capital.."[52] The Dutch fortresses were liberated in Ath ( 27 September), Mons (29 September), Tournai (2 October), Namur (4 October) (with the help of people coming from Andenne, Fosses, Gembloux), Charleroi (5 October) (with people who came in their thousands).The same day that was also the case for Philippeville, Mariembourg [fr], Dinant, Bouillon.[53] In Flanders, the Dutch troops capitulated at the same time in Brugge, Ieper, Oostende, Menen, Oudenaarde, Geeraardsbergen (pp. 113–114), but nor in Ghent nor in Antwerp (only liberated on 17 October and 27 October). Against these interpretation, in any case for the troubles in Brussels, John W. Rooney Jr wrote:
In the Belgian State
A few years after the Belgian revolution in 1830, the historian Louis Dewez underlined that "Belgium is shared into two people, Walloons and Flemings. The former are speaking French, the latter are speaking Flemish. The border is clear (...) The provinces which are back the Walloon line, i.e.: the Province of Liège, the Brabant wallon, the Province of Namur, the Province of Hainaut are Walloon [...] And the other provinces throughout the line [...] are Flemish. It is not an arbitrarian division or an imagined combination in order to support an opinion or create a system: it is a fact..."[55] Jules Michelet traveled in Wallonia in 1840 and we can read many times in his History of France his interest for Wallonia and the Walloons pp 35,120,139,172, 287, 297,300, 347,401, 439, 455, 468 (this page on the Culture of Wallonia), 476 (1851 edition published online)[56]
Relationship with the German-speaking community
The Walloon Region institutionally comprises also the German-speaking community of Belgium around Eupen, in the east of the region, next to Germany which ceded the area to Belgium after the First World War. Many of the 60,000 or so inhabitants of this very small community reject being considered as Walloon and – with their community executive leader Karl-Heinz Lambertz want to remain a federating unit, and to have all the powers of the Belgian Regions and Communities. Even if they do not want them absolutely and immediately (10 July 2008, official speech for the Flanders' national holiday).[57]
Само име Валонци потиче од имена "Walhaz", старогерманског израза за романизоване Келте.
Само име "Walhaz" готово сигурно потиче од имена келтског племена (или племенског савеза) које је Римљанима било познато као Волке/"Volcae" (помиње их у списима и извјесни Јулије Цезар), а Грци (Страбон и Птоломеј) га помињу као Οὐόλκαι / Ouólkai.
Сами Волке/"Volcae" (енгл.википедија овдје)
Volcae
The Volcae (Latin pronunciation: [ˈwɔɫkae̯]) were a tribal confederation constituted before the raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedonia c. 270 BC and fought the assembled Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 279 BC. Tribes known by the name Volcae were found simultaneously in southern Gaul, Moravia, the Ebro valley of the Iberian Peninsula, and Galatia in Anatolia. The Volcae appear to have been part of the late La Tène material culture, and a Celtic identity has been attributed to the Volcae, based on mentions in Greek and Latin sources as well as onomastic evidence. Driven by highly mobile groups operating outside the tribal system and comprising diverse elements, the Volcae were one of the new ethnic entities formed during the Celtic military expansion at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.[1] Collecting in the famous excursion into the Balkans, ostensibly, from the Hellene point of view, to raid Delphi, a branch of the Volcae split from the main group on the way into the Balkans and joined two other tribes, the Tolistobogii and the Trocmi, to settle in central Anatolia and establish a new identity as the Galatians.
The Tectosagii were a group of the Volcae who moved through Macedonia into Anatolia c. 277 BC. Strabo says the Tectosagii came originally from the region near modern Toulouse, in France.
Etymology
Most modern Celticists regard the tribal name Uolcae as being related to Welsh: gwalch (hawk); perhaps related at the Proto-Indo-European level to Latin falco (hawk). Compare the Gaulish personal name Catuuolcus to Welsh cadwalch 'hero', literally 'battle-hawk', though some prefer to translate Gaulish *uolco- as 'wolf' and, by semantic extension, 'errant warrior'.[2]
The name Tectosages, literally 'possession-seekers', meant 'claim-stakers', perhaps closer in sense to 'claim-jumper' or 'land grabber', and a direct cognate is found in Old Irish techtaigidir 'he/she seeks to (re)establish a land claim'.[3]
Volcae of the Danube
Caesar's ethnogenesis and migrations of the Volcae.
Julius Caesar was convinced that the Volcae had originally been settled east of the Rhine, for he mentioned the Volcae Tectosages as a Gaulish tribe which still remained in western Germany in his day (Gallic Wars 6.24):
Caesar related a tradition associating the Celtic tribe of the Volcae to the vast Hercynian Forest, though they were more probably to be located in the eastern range of the České Středohoří;[citation needed] yet, Volcae of his time were settled in Moravia, east of the Boii. Their apparent movement may indicate that the Volcae were newcomers to the region. Caesar's remark about the wealth of this region may have referred not only to agriculture but also to the mineral deposits there, while the renown attributed to the Volcae "in peace and in war" resulted from their metallurgical skills and the quality of their weapons, both attracting the attention of their northern neighbors.[4] Together with the Boii in the upper basin of the Elbe river to the west and the Cotini in Slovakia to the east, this area of Celtic settlement in oppida led to the exploitation of natural resources on a grand scale and the concentration of skilled craftsmen under the patronage of strong and wealthy chieftains. This culture flourished from the mid second to the mid-1st century BCE, until it buckled under the combined pressure of the Germanic peoples from the North and the Dacians from the East.
Allowance must be made for Julius Caesar's usual equation of primitive poverty with admirable hardihood and military prowess and his connection of luxurious imports and the proximity of "civilization", meaning his own, with softness and decadence. In fact, long-established trading connections furnished Gaulish elites with Baltic amber and Greek and Etruscan wares.
Caesar took it as a given that the Celts in the Hercynian Forest were emigrant settlers from Gaul who had "seized" the land, but modern archeology identifies the region as part of the La Tène homeland. As Henry Howarth noted a century ago, "The Tectosages reported by Caesar as still being around the Hercynian forest were in fact living in the old homes of their race, whence a portion of them set out on their great expedition against Greece, and eventually settled in Galatia, in Asia Minor, where one of the tribes was called Tectosages."[5]
Volcae of Gaul
Map showing the relative position of the Volcae and Tectosages.
Volcae Arecomici
The Volcae Arecomici (Οὐόλκαι Ἀρικόμιοι of Ptolemy's Geography ii), according to Strabo,[6] dwelt on the western side of the lower Rhône, with their metropolis[7] at Narbo (Narbonne): "Narbo is spoken of as the naval-station of these people alone, though it would be fairer to add 'and of the rest of Celtica', so greatly has it surpassed the others in the number of people who use it as a trade-centre." They were not alone in occupying their territory,[8] with its capital at Nemausus (Nîmes).
The Volcae Arecomici of their own accord surrendered to the Roman Republic in 121 BC. They occupied the district between the Garonne (Garumna), the Cévennes (Cebenna mons),[9] and the Rhône.[10][11] This area covered most of the western part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. They held their assemblies in the sacred wood of Nemausus, the site of modern Nîmes.
In Gaul they were divided into two tribes in widely separated regions, the Arecomici on the east, living among the Ligures, and the Tectosages (whose territory included that of the Tolosates) on the west, living among the Aquitani; the territories were separated by the Hérault (Arauris) or a line between the Hérault and the Orb (Orbis).[10]
Volcae Tectosages
Tectosages coins, Southern France, 5th-1st century BC.
Coin of the Volcae Tectosages, silver 3.58g. Monnaie de Paris.
West of the Arecomici the Volcae Tectosages (whose territory included that of the Tolosates) lived among the Aquitani; the territories were separated by the Hérault (Arauris) or a line between the Hérault River and the Orb (Orbis). Strabo says the Volcae Tectosages came originally from the region near modern Toulouse and were part of the Volcae.[12]
The territory of the Volcae Tectosages (Οὐόλκαι Τεκτόσαγες of Ptolemy's Geography ii) in Gaul lay outside the Roman Republic, to the southwest of the Volcae Arecomici. From the 3rd century BC, the capital city of the Volcae Tectosages was Tolosa (Toulouse). When the Cimbri and Teutones invaded Gaul, the Tectosages allied themselves with them, and their town Tolosa was sacked in retribution by Quintus Servilius Caepio in 106 BC.[13] Tolosa was incorporated into the Roman Republic as part of the province of Gallia Aquitania with the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC. The Roman conquest of Tolosa ended the cultural identity of the Volcae Tectosages.
According to Ptolemy's Geography, their inland towns were Illiberis,[14] Ruscino, Tolosa colonia, Cessero, Carcaso, Baetirae, and Narbo colonia.
The Volcae Tectosages were among the successful raiders of the Delphi expedition and were said to have transported their booty to Tolosa. A significant part of these raiders however did not return and crossed the Bosporus instead. As a result, Tectosages was also the name of one of the three great communities of Gauls who invaded and settled in Anatolia in the country called after them "Galatia".[10]
Venceslas Kruta suggests that their movement into this region was probably motivated by a Carthaginian recruiting post situated close by, a main attraction of the region for Celtic mercenaries eager for more campaigning.[15] Indeed, after crossing the Pyrenees in 218 BC, Hannibal in travelling through southern Gaul was greeted by warlike tribes: the Volcae, the Arverni, the Allobroges, and the Gaesatae of the Rhône Valley, who rose to prominence around the middle of the 3rd century BC. From around that time, this part of Gaul underwent a process of stabilization buttressed by the formation of new and powerful tribal confederations as well as the development of new-style settlements resembling the urban centers of the Mediterranean world, of which Tolosa and Nemausus (Nîmes) were no exception.[16]
In 107, the Volcae, allies of the Tigurini, a branch of the Helvetii who belonged to a coalition that formed around the Cimbri and the Teutons, defeated a Roman army at Tolosa.[17] In 106-5, Q. Servilius Caepio was sent with an army to put down the revolt, and as a result, Tolosa was sacked, and thereafter the town and its territory were absorbed into Gallia Narbonensis, thereby establishing firm control over the western Gallic trade corridor along the Carcassonne Gap and the Garonne.[18]
The Volcae (Latin pronunciation: [ˈwɔɫkae̯]) were a tribal confederation constituted before the raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedonia c. 270 BC and fought the assembled Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 279 BC. Tribes known by the name Volcae were found simultaneously in southern Gaul, Moravia, the Ebro valley of the Iberian Peninsula, and Galatia in Anatolia. The Volcae appear to have been part of the late La Tène material culture, and a Celtic identity has been attributed to the Volcae, based on mentions in Greek and Latin sources as well as onomastic evidence. Driven by highly mobile groups operating outside the tribal system and comprising diverse elements, the Volcae were one of the new ethnic entities formed during the Celtic military expansion at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.[1] Collecting in the famous excursion into the Balkans, ostensibly, from the Hellene point of view, to raid Delphi, a branch of the Volcae split from the main group on the way into the Balkans and joined two other tribes, the Tolistobogii and the Trocmi, to settle in central Anatolia and establish a new identity as the Galatians.
The Tectosagii were a group of the Volcae who moved through Macedonia into Anatolia c. 277 BC. Strabo says the Tectosagii came originally from the region near modern Toulouse, in France.
Etymology
Most modern Celticists regard the tribal name Uolcae as being related to Welsh: gwalch (hawk); perhaps related at the Proto-Indo-European level to Latin falco (hawk). Compare the Gaulish personal name Catuuolcus to Welsh cadwalch 'hero', literally 'battle-hawk', though some prefer to translate Gaulish *uolco- as 'wolf' and, by semantic extension, 'errant warrior'.[2]
The name Tectosages, literally 'possession-seekers', meant 'claim-stakers', perhaps closer in sense to 'claim-jumper' or 'land grabber', and a direct cognate is found in Old Irish techtaigidir 'he/she seeks to (re)establish a land claim'.[3]
Volcae of the Danube
.svg)
Caesar's ethnogenesis and migrations of the Volcae.
Julius Caesar was convinced that the Volcae had originally been settled east of the Rhine, for he mentioned the Volcae Tectosages as a Gaulish tribe which still remained in western Germany in his day (Gallic Wars 6.24):
Caesar related a tradition associating the Celtic tribe of the Volcae to the vast Hercynian Forest, though they were more probably to be located in the eastern range of the České Středohoří;[citation needed] yet, Volcae of his time were settled in Moravia, east of the Boii. Their apparent movement may indicate that the Volcae were newcomers to the region. Caesar's remark about the wealth of this region may have referred not only to agriculture but also to the mineral deposits there, while the renown attributed to the Volcae "in peace and in war" resulted from their metallurgical skills and the quality of their weapons, both attracting the attention of their northern neighbors.[4] Together with the Boii in the upper basin of the Elbe river to the west and the Cotini in Slovakia to the east, this area of Celtic settlement in oppida led to the exploitation of natural resources on a grand scale and the concentration of skilled craftsmen under the patronage of strong and wealthy chieftains. This culture flourished from the mid second to the mid-1st century BCE, until it buckled under the combined pressure of the Germanic peoples from the North and the Dacians from the East.
Allowance must be made for Julius Caesar's usual equation of primitive poverty with admirable hardihood and military prowess and his connection of luxurious imports and the proximity of "civilization", meaning his own, with softness and decadence. In fact, long-established trading connections furnished Gaulish elites with Baltic amber and Greek and Etruscan wares.
Caesar took it as a given that the Celts in the Hercynian Forest were emigrant settlers from Gaul who had "seized" the land, but modern archeology identifies the region as part of the La Tène homeland. As Henry Howarth noted a century ago, "The Tectosages reported by Caesar as still being around the Hercynian forest were in fact living in the old homes of their race, whence a portion of them set out on their great expedition against Greece, and eventually settled in Galatia, in Asia Minor, where one of the tribes was called Tectosages."[5]
Volcae of Gaul
Map showing the relative position of the Volcae and Tectosages.
Volcae Arecomici
The Volcae Arecomici (Οὐόλκαι Ἀρικόμιοι of Ptolemy's Geography ii), according to Strabo,[6] dwelt on the western side of the lower Rhône, with their metropolis[7] at Narbo (Narbonne): "Narbo is spoken of as the naval-station of these people alone, though it would be fairer to add 'and of the rest of Celtica', so greatly has it surpassed the others in the number of people who use it as a trade-centre." They were not alone in occupying their territory,[8] with its capital at Nemausus (Nîmes).
The Volcae Arecomici of their own accord surrendered to the Roman Republic in 121 BC. They occupied the district between the Garonne (Garumna), the Cévennes (Cebenna mons),[9] and the Rhône.[10][11] This area covered most of the western part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. They held their assemblies in the sacred wood of Nemausus, the site of modern Nîmes.
In Gaul they were divided into two tribes in widely separated regions, the Arecomici on the east, living among the Ligures, and the Tectosages (whose territory included that of the Tolosates) on the west, living among the Aquitani; the territories were separated by the Hérault (Arauris) or a line between the Hérault and the Orb (Orbis).[10]
Volcae Tectosages
Tectosages coins, Southern France, 5th-1st century BC.
Coin of the Volcae Tectosages, silver 3.58g. Monnaie de Paris.
West of the Arecomici the Volcae Tectosages (whose territory included that of the Tolosates) lived among the Aquitani; the territories were separated by the Hérault (Arauris) or a line between the Hérault River and the Orb (Orbis). Strabo says the Volcae Tectosages came originally from the region near modern Toulouse and were part of the Volcae.[12]
The territory of the Volcae Tectosages (Οὐόλκαι Τεκτόσαγες of Ptolemy's Geography ii) in Gaul lay outside the Roman Republic, to the southwest of the Volcae Arecomici. From the 3rd century BC, the capital city of the Volcae Tectosages was Tolosa (Toulouse). When the Cimbri and Teutones invaded Gaul, the Tectosages allied themselves with them, and their town Tolosa was sacked in retribution by Quintus Servilius Caepio in 106 BC.[13] Tolosa was incorporated into the Roman Republic as part of the province of Gallia Aquitania with the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC. The Roman conquest of Tolosa ended the cultural identity of the Volcae Tectosages.
According to Ptolemy's Geography, their inland towns were Illiberis,[14] Ruscino, Tolosa colonia, Cessero, Carcaso, Baetirae, and Narbo colonia.
The Volcae Tectosages were among the successful raiders of the Delphi expedition and were said to have transported their booty to Tolosa. A significant part of these raiders however did not return and crossed the Bosporus instead. As a result, Tectosages was also the name of one of the three great communities of Gauls who invaded and settled in Anatolia in the country called after them "Galatia".[10]
Venceslas Kruta suggests that their movement into this region was probably motivated by a Carthaginian recruiting post situated close by, a main attraction of the region for Celtic mercenaries eager for more campaigning.[15] Indeed, after crossing the Pyrenees in 218 BC, Hannibal in travelling through southern Gaul was greeted by warlike tribes: the Volcae, the Arverni, the Allobroges, and the Gaesatae of the Rhône Valley, who rose to prominence around the middle of the 3rd century BC. From around that time, this part of Gaul underwent a process of stabilization buttressed by the formation of new and powerful tribal confederations as well as the development of new-style settlements resembling the urban centers of the Mediterranean world, of which Tolosa and Nemausus (Nîmes) were no exception.[16]
In 107, the Volcae, allies of the Tigurini, a branch of the Helvetii who belonged to a coalition that formed around the Cimbri and the Teutons, defeated a Roman army at Tolosa.[17] In 106-5, Q. Servilius Caepio was sent with an army to put down the revolt, and as a result, Tolosa was sacked, and thereafter the town and its territory were absorbed into Gallia Narbonensis, thereby establishing firm control over the western Gallic trade corridor along the Carcassonne Gap and the Garonne.[18]
Племена позната под именом Волке пронађена су истовремено у јужној Галији, Моравској, долини Ебра на Пиринејском полуострву, те и Галатији (крак који се одвојио прије бирке код Термопила и прешао у Анадолију).
Цезаров приказ етногенезе и миграције Волка.
Е сад, из германске ријечи Walhaz, дефинитивно су се развила бројна имена, укљулујући и име Власи које су у Византији користили од VIII вијека за латинофоне и романизоване становнике царства, без обзира на етничко поријекло. Да ли постоји и етничка веза са овим келтским племеном (или племеснким савезом) ваља бити опрезан прије коначног става.
Poslednja izmena:
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Lep elaborat. Da li možeš na isti način da obradiš i Velšane?Између балканских Влаха и Валонаца у Белгији дефинитивно постоји веза и у етимолошком смислу и што се тиче припадности истој (романској) културној сфери а не треба искључити ни могућу етничку повезаност иако код овог задњег ваља бити баш опрезан.
Сами Валонци (енгл.википедија овдје)као и Румуњи припадају породици романских народа.Walloons
Related ethnic groups Religion Languages Regions with significant populations Total population c. 3.5–4 million 3,240,000[1] Indeterminable[a]
(352,630 Belgians)[2]176,615https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloons#endnote_b (Belgians)[3]
[TR]
[TH]France[/TH]
[TD]133,066[4][5][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Belgian French
Regional Langues d'oïl
[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Historically Roman Catholic majority
Protestant minority (see also Walloon church)
Increasingly irreligious[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Other Romance and Germanic peoples
[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]^a U.S. population census does not differentiate between Belgians and Walloons, therefore the number of the latter is unknown. Walloons might also identify as French, of which there were as many as 8.2 million.
^b Canadian census does not differentiate between Belgians and Walloons, therefore the number of the latter is unknown and indeterminable. In 2011, 176,615 respondents stated Belgian ethnic origin; this figure definitely includes a substantial number of ethnic Flemings who may also identify as Belgian even though the census differentiates between the two. They may also be inclined to identify as French, of which there were as many as 7 million.[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
Walloons (/wɒˈluːnz/; French: Wallons [walɔ̃] (
More generally, the term is also extended to refer to the inhabitants of the Walloon region in general, regardless of ethnicity or descent.
Etymology
The term Walloon is derived from *walha, a Proto-Germanic term used to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers.[11]
Walloon originated in Romance languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace is found in Jean de Haynin's Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies in 1465,[disputed – discuss] where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. Its meaning narrowed yet again during the French and Dutch periods and, at Belgian independence, the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Walloon, Picard, etc.) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds a political content to "the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept".[12] The words Walloon and Wallons can be seen in the book of Charles White, The Belgic Revolution (1835): "The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the centre of the commotion.".[13][14][15] The Spanish terms of Walon and Walona from the 17th century referred to a Royal Guard Corps recruited in the Spanish Flanders. They were involved in many of the most significant battles of the Spanish Empire.
Albert Henry wrote that although in 1988 the word Walloon evoked a constitutional reality, it originally referred to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands and was also used to designate a territory by the terms provinces wallonnes or Walloon country (Pays wallon), from the 16th century to the Belgian revolution, and later Wallonia.[16] The term 'Walloon country' was also used in Dutch viz. Walsch land.[17][18] The term existed also in German, perhaps Wulland in Hans Heyst's book (1571) where Wulland is translated by Wallonia in English (1814).[19] In German it is however generally Wallonenland : Le païs de Valons, Belgolalia, Wallonenland, in "Le Grand Dictionnaire Royal" Augsbourg, 1767;[20][21] The name of the churches' consecration is in Touraine assemblées, in Brittany pardons, in the northern Departments sometimes kermesses, sometimes as in the Walloon country, ducasses (from dedicatio) [22] In English, it is Walloon country (see further James Shaw).[23] In French (and France (Wand)), it is le Pays wallon: The Walloon country included the greatest part of to-day's Belgium, the Province of Flandre orientale, the Province of Flandre occidentale both named Flandre wallonne, the Province of Namur, the Hainaut, the Limbourg, the pays de Liège and even the Luxembourg[24][25] For Félix Rousseau, Walloon country is, after le Roman pays the old name of the country of the Walloons[26] and the nickname Romande was commonly used to describe Walloons until the late 19th century.[citation needed]
Institutional aspects
Main articles: Wallonia and State reform in Belgium
The term "state reform" in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas.[27]
Conceptual and emotional aspects
Wallonia
The extent of Wallonia, the area defined by the use of the language, has shifted through the ages. The low-lying area of Flanders and the hilly region of the Ardennes have been under the control of many city-states and external powers. Such changing rule brought variations to borders, culture, and language. The Walloon language, widespread in use up until the Second World War, has been dying out of common use due to growing internationalisation. Although official educational systems do not include it as a language, the French government continues to support the use of French within the "Francophonie" commonwealth.
This is complicated by the federal structure of Belgium, which splits Belgium into three communities with the privilege of using their own tongues in official correspondence, but also into three autonomous regions. The communities are: French community (though not Walloon, but sometimes controversially called Wallonia-Brussels),[28] Flemish community (which uses Dutch), and German-speaking community. The division into political regions does not correspond with the communities: Flemish Region, Walloon Region (including the German community but generally called Wallonia), and the bilingual (French-Dutch) Brussels-Capital Region.
Brussels - not Walloon but mostly French-speaking
Many non-French-speaking observers (over)generalize Walloons as a term of convenience for all Belgian French-speakers (even those born and living in the Brussels-Capital Region). The mixing of the population over the centuries means that most families can trace ancestors on both sides of the linguistic divide. But, the fact that Brussels is around 85% French-speaking, but is located in Dutch-speaking Flanders, has led to friction between the regions and communities. The local dialect in Brussels, Brussels Vloms, is a Brabantic dialect, reflecting the Dutch heritage of the city.
Walloons are historically credited with pioneering the industrial revolution in Continental Europe in the early 19th century.[29] In modern history, Brussels has been the major town or the capital of the region. Because of long Spanish and minor French rule, French became the sole official language. After a brief period with Dutch as the official language while the region was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the people reinstated French after achieving independence in 1830. The Walloon region, a major coal and steel-producing area, developed rapidly into the economic powerhouse of the country. Walloons (in fact French-speaking elites who were called Walloons) became politically dominant. Many Flemish immigrants came to work in Wallonia. Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the gradual decline of steel and more especially coal, coupled with too little investment in service industries and light industry (which came to predominate in Flanders), started to tip the balance in the other direction. Flanders became gradually politically and economically dominant. In their turn, Walloon families have moved to Flanders in search of jobs.[citation needed] This evolution has not been without political repercussions.
Walloon identity
The heartland of Walloon culture are the Meuse river and Sambre valleys, Charleroi, Dinant, Namur (the regional capital), Huy, Verviers, and Liège.
Regional language statistics
The Walloon language is an element of Walloon identity. However, the entire French-speaking population of Wallonia cannot be culturally considered Walloon, since a significant portion in the west (around Tournai and Mons) and smaller portions in the extreme south (around Arlon) possess other languages as mother tongues (namely, Picard, Champenois, Luxembourgish, and Lorrain). All of them can speak French as well or better.
A survey of the Centre liégeois d'étude de l'opinion[30] pointed out in 1989 that 71.8% of the younger people of Wallonia understand and speak only a little or no Walloon language; 17.4% speak it well; and only 10.4% speak it exclusively.[31] Based on other surveys and figures, Laurent Hendschel wrote in 1999 that between 30 and 40% people were bilingual in Wallonia (Walloon, Picard), among them 10% of the younger population (18–30 years old). According to Hendschel, there are 36 to 58% of young people have a passive knowledge of the regional languages.[32] On the other hand, Givet commune, several villages in the Ardennes département in France, which publishes the journal Causons wallon (Let us speak Walloon);[33] and two villages in Luxembourg are historically Walloon-speaking.
Walloons in the Middle Ages
Since the 11th century, the great towns along the river Meuse, for example, Dinant, Huy, and Liège, traded with Germany, where Wallengassen (Walloons' neighborhoods) were founded in certain cities.[34] In Cologne, the Walloons were the most important foreign community, as noted by three roads named Walloonstreet in the city.[35] The Walloons traded for materials they lacked, such as copper, found in Germany, especially at Goslar.
In the 13th century, the medieval German colonization of Transylvania (central and North-Western Romania) also included numerous Walloons. Place names such as Wallendorf (Walloon Village) and family names such as Valendorfean (Wallon peasant) can be found among the Romanian citizens of Transylvania.[36]
Walloons in the Renaissance
In 1572 Jean Bodin made a funny play on words which has been well known in Wallonia to the present:
Translation: "We are called Walloons by the Belgians because when the ancient people of Gallia were travelling the length and breadth of the earth, it happened that they asked each other: 'Où allons-nous?' [Where are we going? : the pronunciation of these French words is the same as the French word Wallons (plus 'us')], i.e. 'To which goal are we walking?.' It is probable they took from it the name Ouallons (Wallons), which the Latin speaking are not able to pronounce without changing the word by the use of the letter G." One of the best translations of his (humorous) sayings used daily in Wallonia[38] is "These are strange times we are living in."
Shakespeare used the word Walloon: "A base Walloon, to win the Dauphin's grace/Thrust Talbot with a spear in the back." A note in Henry VI, Part I says, "At this time, the Walloons [were] the inhabitants of the area, now in south Belgium, still known as the 'Pays wallon'."[39] Albert Henry agrees, quoting Maurice Piron,[40] also quoted by A.J. Hoenselaars:[41] "'Walloon' meaning 'Walloon country' in Shakespeare's 'Henry VI'..."[42]
Walloons in Sweden
Starting from the 1620s, numerous Walloon miners and iron-workers, with their families, settled in Sweden to work in iron mining and refining.[43] Walloon methods of iron production were incorporated into Swedish practice, to supplement the existing German techniques. Many Walloon workers settled around the mine at Dannemora producing Öregrund iron which represented 15 per cent of Sweden's iron production at that time.[44]
They were originally led by the entrepreneur Louis de Geer, who commissioned them to work in the iron mines of Uppland and Östergötland. The wave of migration continued substantially into the 18th century. Walloons became gradually integrated into Swedish society, but it was not until the end quarter of the 20th century when they were fully integrated, when the Swedish legislation allowed Catholics to become civil servants.[citation needed] Walloon ancestry is traceable through Walloon surnames. Some people of Walloon descent belong to the Sällskapet Vallonättlingar (Society of Walloon Descendants).[45]
Walloons and the Enlightenment
A 1786 history of the Netherlands noted, "[The] Haynault and Namur, with Artois, now no longer an Austrian Province, compose the Walloon country. The Walloon name and language are also extended into the adjacent districts of the neighbouring Provinces. A large part of Brabant, where that Province borders on Haynault and Namur, is named Walloon Brabant. The affinity of language seems also on some occasions to have wrought a nearer relation."[46]
The Belgian revolution of 1830
The Belgian revolution was recently described as firstly a conflict between the Brussels municipality which was secondly disseminated in the rest of the country, "particularly in the Walloon provinces".[47] We read the nearly same opinion in Edmundson's book:
Jacques Logie wrote: "On the 6th October, the whole Wallonia was under the Provisional Government's control. In the Flemish part of the country the collapse of the Royal Government was as total and quick as in Wallonia, except Ghent and Antwerp."[49] Robert Demoulin, who was Professor at the University of Liège, wrote: "Liège is in the forefront of the battle for liberty",[50] more than Brussels but with Brussels. He wrote the same thing for Leuven. According to Demoulin, these three cities are the républiques municipales at the head of the Belgian revolution. In this chapter VI of his book, Le soulèvement national (pp. 93–117), before writing "On the 6th October, the whole Wallonia is free",[51] he quotes the following municipalities from which volunteers were going to Brussels, the "centre of the commotion", in order to take part in the battle against the Dutch troops: Tournai, Namur, Wavre (p. 105) Braine-l'Alleud, Genappe, Jodoigne, Perwez, Rebecq, Grez-Doiceau, Limelette [fr], Nivelles (p. 106), Charleroi (and its region), Gosselies, Lodelinsart (p. 107), Soignies, Leuze, Thuin, Jemappes (p. 108), Dour, Saint-Ghislain, Pâturages [fr] (p. 109) and he concluded: "So, from the Walloon little towns and countryside, people came to the capital.."[52] The Dutch fortresses were liberated in Ath ( 27 September), Mons (29 September), Tournai (2 October), Namur (4 October) (with the help of people coming from Andenne, Fosses, Gembloux), Charleroi (5 October) (with people who came in their thousands).The same day that was also the case for Philippeville, Mariembourg [fr], Dinant, Bouillon.[53] In Flanders, the Dutch troops capitulated at the same time in Brugge, Ieper, Oostende, Menen, Oudenaarde, Geeraardsbergen (pp. 113–114), but nor in Ghent nor in Antwerp (only liberated on 17 October and 27 October). Against these interpretation, in any case for the troubles in Brussels, John W. Rooney Jr wrote:
In the Belgian State
A few years after the Belgian revolution in 1830, the historian Louis Dewez underlined that "Belgium is shared into two people, Walloons and Flemings. The former are speaking French, the latter are speaking Flemish. The border is clear (...) The provinces which are back the Walloon line, i.e.: the Province of Liège, the Brabant wallon, the Province of Namur, the Province of Hainaut are Walloon [...] And the other provinces throughout the line [...] are Flemish. It is not an arbitrarian division or an imagined combination in order to support an opinion or create a system: it is a fact..."[55] Jules Michelet traveled in Wallonia in 1840 and we can read many times in his History of France his interest for Wallonia and the Walloons pp 35,120,139,172, 287, 297,300, 347,401, 439, 455, 468 (this page on the Culture of Wallonia), 476 (1851 edition published online)[56]
Relationship with the German-speaking community
The Walloon Region institutionally comprises also the German-speaking community of Belgium around Eupen, in the east of the region, next to Germany which ceded the area to Belgium after the First World War. Many of the 60,000 or so inhabitants of this very small community reject being considered as Walloon and – with their community executive leader Karl-Heinz Lambertz want to remain a federating unit, and to have all the powers of the Belgian Regions and Communities. Even if they do not want them absolutely and immediately (10 July 2008, official speech for the Flanders' national holiday).[57]
Само име Валонци потиче од имена "Walhaz", старогерманског израза за романизоване Келте.
Само име "Walhaz" готово сигурно потиче од имена келтског племена (или племенског савеза) које је Римљанима било познато као Волке/"Volcae" (помиње их у списима и извјесни Јулије Цезар), а Грци (Страбон и Птоломеј) га помињу као Οὐόλκαι / Ouólkai.
Сами Волке/"Volcae" (енгл.википедија овдје)били су како написах келтско племе или конфедерација келтских племена основана прије похода на Македонију почетком III вијека п.н.е., грчки војни савез их побјеђује у бици код Термопила 279. године п.н.е., након чега разбијени се враћају и на простору око Дунава племе Скордиска успоставиће своју власт потискујући Трибале и друга трачка племена.Volcae
The Volcae (Latin pronunciation: [ˈwɔɫkae̯]) were a tribal confederation constituted before the raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedonia c. 270 BC and fought the assembled Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 279 BC. Tribes known by the name Volcae were found simultaneously in southern Gaul, Moravia, the Ebro valley of the Iberian Peninsula, and Galatia in Anatolia. The Volcae appear to have been part of the late La Tène material culture, and a Celtic identity has been attributed to the Volcae, based on mentions in Greek and Latin sources as well as onomastic evidence. Driven by highly mobile groups operating outside the tribal system and comprising diverse elements, the Volcae were one of the new ethnic entities formed during the Celtic military expansion at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.[1] Collecting in the famous excursion into the Balkans, ostensibly, from the Hellene point of view, to raid Delphi, a branch of the Volcae split from the main group on the way into the Balkans and joined two other tribes, the Tolistobogii and the Trocmi, to settle in central Anatolia and establish a new identity as the Galatians.
The Tectosagii were a group of the Volcae who moved through Macedonia into Anatolia c. 277 BC. Strabo says the Tectosagii came originally from the region near modern Toulouse, in France.
Etymology
Most modern Celticists regard the tribal name Uolcae as being related to Welsh: gwalch (hawk); perhaps related at the Proto-Indo-European level to Latin falco (hawk). Compare the Gaulish personal name Catuuolcus to Welsh cadwalch 'hero', literally 'battle-hawk', though some prefer to translate Gaulish *uolco- as 'wolf' and, by semantic extension, 'errant warrior'.[2]
The name Tectosages, literally 'possession-seekers', meant 'claim-stakers', perhaps closer in sense to 'claim-jumper' or 'land grabber', and a direct cognate is found in Old Irish techtaigidir 'he/she seeks to (re)establish a land claim'.[3]
Volcae of the Danube
Caesar's ethnogenesis and migrations of the Volcae.
Julius Caesar was convinced that the Volcae had originally been settled east of the Rhine, for he mentioned the Volcae Tectosages as a Gaulish tribe which still remained in western Germany in his day (Gallic Wars 6.24):
Caesar related a tradition associating the Celtic tribe of the Volcae to the vast Hercynian Forest, though they were more probably to be located in the eastern range of the České Středohoří;[citation needed] yet, Volcae of his time were settled in Moravia, east of the Boii. Their apparent movement may indicate that the Volcae were newcomers to the region. Caesar's remark about the wealth of this region may have referred not only to agriculture but also to the mineral deposits there, while the renown attributed to the Volcae "in peace and in war" resulted from their metallurgical skills and the quality of their weapons, both attracting the attention of their northern neighbors.[4] Together with the Boii in the upper basin of the Elbe river to the west and the Cotini in Slovakia to the east, this area of Celtic settlement in oppida led to the exploitation of natural resources on a grand scale and the concentration of skilled craftsmen under the patronage of strong and wealthy chieftains. This culture flourished from the mid second to the mid-1st century BCE, until it buckled under the combined pressure of the Germanic peoples from the North and the Dacians from the East.
Allowance must be made for Julius Caesar's usual equation of primitive poverty with admirable hardihood and military prowess and his connection of luxurious imports and the proximity of "civilization", meaning his own, with softness and decadence. In fact, long-established trading connections furnished Gaulish elites with Baltic amber and Greek and Etruscan wares.
Caesar took it as a given that the Celts in the Hercynian Forest were emigrant settlers from Gaul who had "seized" the land, but modern archeology identifies the region as part of the La Tène homeland. As Henry Howarth noted a century ago, "The Tectosages reported by Caesar as still being around the Hercynian forest were in fact living in the old homes of their race, whence a portion of them set out on their great expedition against Greece, and eventually settled in Galatia, in Asia Minor, where one of the tribes was called Tectosages."[5]
Volcae of Gaul
Map showing the relative position of the Volcae and Tectosages.
Volcae Arecomici
The Volcae Arecomici (Οὐόλκαι Ἀρικόμιοι of Ptolemy's Geography ii), according to Strabo,[6] dwelt on the western side of the lower Rhône, with their metropolis[7] at Narbo (Narbonne): "Narbo is spoken of as the naval-station of these people alone, though it would be fairer to add 'and of the rest of Celtica', so greatly has it surpassed the others in the number of people who use it as a trade-centre." They were not alone in occupying their territory,[8] with its capital at Nemausus (Nîmes).
The Volcae Arecomici of their own accord surrendered to the Roman Republic in 121 BC. They occupied the district between the Garonne (Garumna), the Cévennes (Cebenna mons),[9] and the Rhône.[10][11] This area covered most of the western part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. They held their assemblies in the sacred wood of Nemausus, the site of modern Nîmes.
In Gaul they were divided into two tribes in widely separated regions, the Arecomici on the east, living among the Ligures, and the Tectosages (whose territory included that of the Tolosates) on the west, living among the Aquitani; the territories were separated by the Hérault (Arauris) or a line between the Hérault and the Orb (Orbis).[10]
Volcae Tectosages
Tectosages coins, Southern France, 5th-1st century BC.
Coin of the Volcae Tectosages, silver 3.58g. Monnaie de Paris.
West of the Arecomici the Volcae Tectosages (whose territory included that of the Tolosates) lived among the Aquitani; the territories were separated by the Hérault (Arauris) or a line between the Hérault River and the Orb (Orbis). Strabo says the Volcae Tectosages came originally from the region near modern Toulouse and were part of the Volcae.[12]
The territory of the Volcae Tectosages (Οὐόλκαι Τεκτόσαγες of Ptolemy's Geography ii) in Gaul lay outside the Roman Republic, to the southwest of the Volcae Arecomici. From the 3rd century BC, the capital city of the Volcae Tectosages was Tolosa (Toulouse). When the Cimbri and Teutones invaded Gaul, the Tectosages allied themselves with them, and their town Tolosa was sacked in retribution by Quintus Servilius Caepio in 106 BC.[13] Tolosa was incorporated into the Roman Republic as part of the province of Gallia Aquitania with the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC. The Roman conquest of Tolosa ended the cultural identity of the Volcae Tectosages.
According to Ptolemy's Geography, their inland towns were Illiberis,[14] Ruscino, Tolosa colonia, Cessero, Carcaso, Baetirae, and Narbo colonia.
The Volcae Tectosages were among the successful raiders of the Delphi expedition and were said to have transported their booty to Tolosa. A significant part of these raiders however did not return and crossed the Bosporus instead. As a result, Tectosages was also the name of one of the three great communities of Gauls who invaded and settled in Anatolia in the country called after them "Galatia".[10]
Venceslas Kruta suggests that their movement into this region was probably motivated by a Carthaginian recruiting post situated close by, a main attraction of the region for Celtic mercenaries eager for more campaigning.[15] Indeed, after crossing the Pyrenees in 218 BC, Hannibal in travelling through southern Gaul was greeted by warlike tribes: the Volcae, the Arverni, the Allobroges, and the Gaesatae of the Rhône Valley, who rose to prominence around the middle of the 3rd century BC. From around that time, this part of Gaul underwent a process of stabilization buttressed by the formation of new and powerful tribal confederations as well as the development of new-style settlements resembling the urban centers of the Mediterranean world, of which Tolosa and Nemausus (Nîmes) were no exception.[16]
In 107, the Volcae, allies of the Tigurini, a branch of the Helvetii who belonged to a coalition that formed around the Cimbri and the Teutons, defeated a Roman army at Tolosa.[17] In 106-5, Q. Servilius Caepio was sent with an army to put down the revolt, and as a result, Tolosa was sacked, and thereafter the town and its territory were absorbed into Gallia Narbonensis, thereby establishing firm control over the western Gallic trade corridor along the Carcassonne Gap and the Garonne.[18]
Племена позната под именом Волке пронађена су истовремено у јужној Галији, Моравској, долини Ебра на Пиринејском полуострву, те и Галатији (крак који се одвојио прије бирке код Термопила и прешао у Анадолију).
Pogledajte prilog 789052
Цезаров приказ етногенезе и миграције Волка.
Е сад, из германске ријечи Walhaz, дефинитивно су се развила бројна имена, укљулујући и име Власи које су у Византији користили од VIII вијека за латинофоне и романизоване становнике царства, без обзира на етничко поријекло. Да ли постоји и етничка веза са овим келтским племеном (или племеснким савезом) ваља бити опрезан прије коначног става.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people
Mrkalj
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 37.557
Podržavam Šarića u svemu u čemu se sa njim slažem, a to je većina onog što izlaže.
Slične teme
