Teorije o poreklu Srba

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in a year each of the Neuroi becomes a wolf for some days and again becomes what he was)
with the Serb/Balkan belief invukodlaks (werewolves) with the fact that the vlk, 'wolf',
completely absent from the anthroponymy of most of the Slavic languages, is
often found in the personal names of South Slavs: Vukobrat, Vukoman, Vukomil,
Vukomir, Vukosav, Vukovoj,B jelovuk,D obrovuk,M i lovuk( O .N.T rub ac ev, L inguistic sand
Ethnogenesis of the Slavs: The Ancient Slavs as Evidenced by Etymology and Onomastics, InD 13, 1985).
VUKSA, VUCIC, VUKOTA, VUKIC

In fact, of course, in the some Serb lands, in Montenegro, for example,V uk often seems to be an element of every other personal or family name. A late 15th century register of adult males in several clans settled in the heBan jan i andPi v a counties of northwestern Montenegro, for example, reveals a high percentage of names derived from the rootvuk- . In the following series, the son's name is followed by the father's name: Vuksa, Radic; Vucic, Radosal; Radic, Vukota; Vukic, Grubac; Vukca, Baldun; Radic, Vukic; Knez Vukcic, Bratum; Vukosav, Vrbic; Vukic, Vladko; Vuksa, Vitoja; Vukman, Vulin; Ratko, Vukasin; Vukosav, Milan; Vukosav, Obrad; Radosav, Vukrnan; Vukasin, Vuk; Vukac, Obrad; Vukac, Milosh; Vukota, Stanimil; Vukac, Pribislav; Vukota, Dabiziv; Radosav, Vukan; Kovac, Vukota; Vukosav, Vukic; Radivoj, Vuksa; Ivan, Vuksa; Radica, Vukic; Vukas, Bratul; Vukosav, Radac; Vucin, Stoje; Vukas, Radasin.
ABODE OF THE SLAVENI
In the next century, Procopius locates theSklav en o i on the lower Danube. Ac-
cording to Jordanes,the abode of the Sclaveni extends from the city of Noviodunum
and the lake called Mursianus to the Danster, and northward as far as the Vistula.
Never one to flatter enemies of the Goths, Jordanes claims that they have swamps and
forests for their cities.
SCLAVINI OR ANTES
Though divided into many tribes with different names( Quo rum n o m i n a li ecet
nunce per varias familias et loco, mutentur), Jordanes writes, theV eneti mainly call
themselvesSclavinior Antes: principaliter Sclavini et Antes nominator.
ONE IN BLOOD AND LANGUAGE
Differences in name and place notwithstanding, Jordanes writes:All, Veneti, Antes
and Sclavi, are one in blood and language.
DO NOT DIFFER IN APPEARANCE

Familiar with bothAn tesand Sklav i n i who served as mercenaries in Byzantine armies, Procopius, an adviser to the great Byzantine commander Belisarius, is unable to distinguish one from the other:The Sklavini and Antes do not differ in appearance.
All of them are tall and strong, their skin and hair neither very light or dark, but
all are ruddy of face. 4. SCYTHS, SARMATS
S
cythia is one of the more fluid and elusive terms in the works of ancient geogra-
phers. At different times it refers to lesser and greater regions stretching from south-

eastern Europe in the west to Central Asia in the east. In Europe the geographical term Scythia is associated with two regions, namely the Black Sea Steppe, where the principal Scythic kingdom developed, and, later,S c y thia M inor, a Roman province com- prising the lands immediately south of the mouths of the Danube.
THE SCYTHIAN LOOK

Contemporaneous Greek artisans depict the Scythians as a nation of usually bearded men, who wear their hair long, flowing, swept back from the forehead, with perhaps rather Slavic faces, characterized by heavy browbridges, deep-set eyes, and pronounced noses. Recent excavations of Scythian grave sites offers interesting physical anthropologi- cal information. It indicates that, Renate Rollet writes:in European Scythia, includ-
ing the Caucasus regions, the Scythians were Europids without any Mongol char-
acteristics( DieW e ltder Sky then,19 8 0 ).The excavations also indicate that instatu re thean cien t
Scythians resemble the highland Serbs, centered in Montenegro. Rolle writes:The

Scythians were relatively tall. The tallness is particularly noticeable in warrior burials and those of men of the upper social stratum ... They are often over 6 ft (1.80m) in height, sometimes over 6 ft 3 in (1.90m), and have occasionally been been known to exceed 6 ft 6 in. (2 m.)... This phenomenon can be observed all the way to the eastern extremity of the Scythian world.
TALLEST PEOPLE IN EUROPE
It is perhaps significant that the same is true and truer of the Montenegrin Serbs.
The dean of American physical anthropologists, Harvard' s Carleton S. Coon, writes:
The Montenegrins who are the tallest people in Europe, live on a barren lime-
stone mountain upland ... They are probably the heaviest as well as the tallest

people in Europe ... Although their legs are long, their trunks are correspond- ingly high ... The Montenegrins' mean shoulder breath is 39cm., and their chests are correspondingly large. The relative span of 101 is extremely low, indicating
that their arms are short in proportion to either leg or trunk length. The hands
and feet are, as is to be expected, usually of great size. These huge mountaineers
are not as a rule slender, leptosome people; they are often thickset, and are large
all over.
AN ALMOST PERFECT EMBODIMENT
One finds the same observations in the accounts of English and other European
observers. In one typical instance, a seasoned English traveler writes:I have never, in all

my wanderings throughout the world, met a better fellow than the Montenegrin ... The men of the Tsernagora are justly famous for their good looks and splendid physiques. They are a race of giants, and a man of average height in England
would be regarded here as something akin to a dwarf. But notwithsthanding his
formidable frame and stature the Montenegrin is graceful in all his movements
(H.DeWindt,T hrough S avage E urope,1913 ).Another English observer,ano ffi c e r of the Consular
Service, states the case in more succinct terms:The Montenegrin race presents an

 

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almost perfect embodimentof all thatis admirablein physique(A.G. Hulme-Beaman,
Twenty Years in the Near East, 1898).
SCYTHARUM, PATRIASCLAVINORUM
The belief that the Slavs originated in Scythia finds clear expression in a number
of early medieval works, including a 7th century cosmography known as theR avennatis
Anonymil Cosmographia:Scythia(Scy t harum ) is the ancestral land (Scytharum est
patria)of the Slavs (Sclavinooum exorta estprosapia).
SCYTHSSimilarly, medieval and post-medieval annals, chronicles, and histories will some-
times refer to Slavs not as Slavs, but as Scythsor Scythians. One of the more interesting
and specific variations on the Scythian theme is found in a 17th century inquiry into the
originsofH u n g a r yw h e re in thea u t h o rcites theS c y thianB ud i n s (Origines Hungaricae Seu,
Liber,QuiV era Nationis HungaricaeO rigoet Amiquistas, 1692).Tracingtheorigin ofH u n g a ry 'sSlavs, E
Otrokosci writes that:Some are f r om Old Scythia, some are Veneds f r om the B alti c,
but most are Budins, from the Budins who originated in the Don region of Scythia.
OLD SCYTHIA
Herodotus gives the borders of Scythia and Old Scythia in the following terms:

Before you come to Scythia, on the seacoast lies Thrace. The land here makes a sweep, and then Scythia begins, the Ister falling into the sea at this point with its mouth facing the east. Starting from the Ister I shall now describe the measure- ments of the seashore of Scythia. Immediately after the Ister is crossed, Old Scythia begins, and continues as far as the city called Carcinitis.
BUDINIHerodotus locates theB ud i n i , a large and powerful nation; they all have blue
eyes and red hair, north of the Sauromatae. TheBudi n i , he writes: are the original

people of the country, and are nomads. Their country is thickly planted with trees of all manners and kinds. In the very woodiest part is a broad deep lake, surrounded by marshy ground with reeds growing on it.
PROTO-SLAVS
A number of eminent scholars have little doubt that theBudi n s are a Proto-Slav
people (e.g. Safarik, Niederle, Lehr-Splawinski, Moszynski, Golab).1 In most instances,
then a m eB udin istraced to theSlavicro o tb ud- andthelarge andpow erf ulnation is
centered in the Middle Desna and Sejm basins, which belong to the forest zone. L.
Niederle writes:I do not hesitate to locate the seats of the Herodotian Budini in

the west, in the vicinity of the Neuroi, and to put them in central Kievan Russia between the Dnieper and Don, approximately on Desna and Sejm ... and on the basis of the explicit statement by Herodotus that the Budini are a people differ- ent from the Scythians ... and on the basis of their physical type and ultimately because of the meaning and form of their ethnic name I do not hesitate to pro- nounce them to be a big Slavic tribe belonging to the eastern branch, thus a part of the later Great Russian (velkorusky) stock which obviously already in a very old period occupied the Desna basin having given the river its Slavic name, and which naturally at the Herodotian time could penetrate along the Sejm as far as
UpperD on( L .Niederle,S lovanskestaroz itnosti, I,19 0 2 ).
NEURI
They also believe that theBud i n 's neighbors, theNe u r i, are a related Proto-Slav
people. Regarding their location, Herodotus writes: As for the inland boundaries of
Scythia, if we start from the Ister, we find it enclosed by the following tribes, first
the Agathyrsi, next the Neuri.
VOLYNIA

Golab's interpretation of Herodotus places theNe u r i in historical Volynia, ex- tending east to the Middle Dnieper and west to the Upper Dniester. According to Herodotus, serpents forced theNeuri , whose customs are like the Scythians, to leave their original home and take refuge with theBudi n i . Evidence in favor of a Proto-Slavic identification is found in several areas, including the name's Slavic root (from the Proto- Slavic rootn e r - connoting live, force) and related hydronyms and toponyms (Nur, Nurec, Nuzec and ziemia Nuska on the border of Poland and the Ukraine). Indeed, Golab's examination of the textual, linguistic, and onomastic evidence allows him to make the following statement:So we would consider Neuroi (late PSL *Nervi)to be the old-
est attested endogenous Slavic ethnicon used by a large Proto-Slavic tribe con-
centrated in the 6th-7th centuries B.C. along the northwestern frontier of Scythia,
whichcorrepondsroughly to thehi stori cal EastSlavi cprovi nceofVolyni a(Z .Golab ,
The Oldest Ethnica Referring to the Slavs: Neuroi and Budini in Herodotus's Description of Scythia, OnO 19, 1974).
GREAT SERB NATION
A 10th century Byzantine source locates one part of the Serb nation, theB lac k
Serbs,inS c y t h i a :ThegreatSerbnati on,whi ch i sdi vi dedi nto t woparts, t heW hi te
Serbs or independent Serbs, and the Black Serbs or dependent Serbs.
SERBS: SCYTHARUS GENTES
Medieval German sources sometimes refer to Germania's Serbs as: Scythae or
Scytharusgentes.T heWends andT h eir M ig ra tio n f romS c y thia toGerman Lands is the
title of a chapter in a mid-16th century German chronicle compiled by E. Brotuff. The
chronicle records the settlement of the salt mines near Halle by Wends called Serbs
whomigrated toG ermaniaf romScythi a( Chronic a von den S alz - B ornenundE rb auung derS tadt
Hull an der Sala in Sachsen gelegen, 1554).
SARMATIA
As theS arm ats overwhelmed their fraternal rivals (Porro Scytharum,
Sarmatarumque gens una eteadensab origine) around the middle of the 2nd century
B.C.,S arm atia succeededS c y thia as a more popular name for the 'barbarian' lands be-
yond Roman-Byzantine Europe's eastern frontier.
WHEN ONE CROSSES THE TANAIS
Regarding the original homeland of theS arm atians, Herodotus writes,when
one crosses the Tanais, one is no longer in Scythia; the first region on crossing is
that of the Sauromatae, who, beginning at the upper end of the Palus Maeotis

 

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[Sea of Azov], stretch northward a distance of fifteen days journey.Polybius locates
Sarmafia in thePonto-C aspiansteppe( H istona). Ptolemy'sS arm atia is animmensearea

bounded by the Vistulaand Volga rivers and the Balticand Black seas( GeographikeH y phegesis). Pomponius Mela givesS arm atia a European orientation, namely the lands east of the Elbeand northof the Danube( DeS ituO rb is).
SARMATS
Similarly,S arm at orS arm atae (also Sarabatiae, Sauromatae, Syrmatae, and
Sermende among others) succeeds Scythor Scythae more often than not as a learned

archaism for the Slavs (e.g.Sarmatae Sclavi). Pliny, Tacitus and Ptolemy refer to the Slavs on the Vendic/Baltic Sea and the Vistula River as Sarmats. Ptolemy, for example, writes:H abi t an t Sarm at i am g en t es m ax i m ae Ven ed aepro pt ert o t um Ven ed i cum si n um ;
Minores autem gentes Sarmatiam incolunt iuxta Visutalam infra Venedas Gythanes.
Mela locatesS arm atia east of Germania:G erm an i ad Sarm at as po rri g un t ur. Precisely
whereGerm ania ends andS arm atia begins, however, was a matter of some confusion. In
De Origine et Situ Germanorum (A.D. 98), a somewhat garbled description of the vari-
ous tribes west of the Rhine and north of the Danube, believed to be based largely on
out-of-date material, Tacitus is not sure whether some nations wereGerm ans orS arm ats.
Here Suebia ends. I am not sure whether the tribes of the Peucini, Veneti should
be assigned to the Teutons or to the Sarmatians ... The Venedi have adopted many
Sarmatian habits; for their plundering takes them over all the wooded and moun-
tainous highlands that lie between the Peucini and the Fenni. Nevertheless, they
are one the whole to be classed as Germans; for they have settled homes, carry
shields, and are fond of traveling—and travelling as—on foot, differing in all
these respects from the Sarmatians.
SUEBI
It is important to note that theS uebi , who occupy Germania's heartland, are also
a problem of sorts for Tacitus. TheS uebi , Tacitus writes,do not constitute a single
nation. They occupy more than half Germany, and are divided into a number of
separate tribes under different names, though all are called by the generic name
Suebi.In the early 1820s, D. Popp was one of the first German historians to identify
Tacitus'S uebi with the Slavs.
NOT ALL SARMATIANS
At the same time it was clear to ancient and modern historians thatS arm at and
Sarmatia4 referred to an immense area inhabited by numerous and different nations,
Slavs and others. In the succinct words of one scholar: All Slavs are Sarmatians, but all
Sarmatians are not Slavs.
SCLAVI SARMATI
Accordingly, medieval German sources often refer to Slavic Germania as
Sarmatarum and the native Slavs as Sa.rma.tesor Sclavi Sarmati. In the 16th century one
often findsS arm atia in the titles of Polish Kings: Invictissimum dominum

Sigismundeum, regent Polonie, magnum ducem L ituanie, Russie, Prussie, Sarmatieque Europee dominum et et heredum; Regnum Sarmatiae; Rex Sarmatiae Europee invictissimus; Sarmacie Totius Rex; Sarmatiae Poloniaeque Rex; Sarmatiae Regis; Sarmaticaresp ubl i c a, Sarmatae populus( KPotkowski,Sarm atissm us ahpolitisc heideologic der
jagelionischen Dynasties, Zeitschrift fur Ostmitteleuropae Forschung 44, 1995).
SLOVO APUD SARMATAS

ThatS arm ats wereS lavs wereS arm ats was the premise of numerous medieval and later commentaries on the history and language of the Slavs. In a mid-16th century history of Bohemia, the learned Bishop of Olomouc, John Skala of Dubravka( J ohannes
Dubravius), derives the nameSlo v en (Slav) from the Sarmat wordSlo v o which, he ex-
plains, has the same meaning asV erb u m in Latin:I d en i m S t o wo ap ud S arm at as, q uo d

verbum apudL ationospersonat. Quoniam igitur otnnes Sarmatarum nationes late jam tune, longeque per Regna et Provincia sparsae unum nomen eumdemque sermonem, atque eadem propemodum verba sonarant, se uno etiam cognomine
Slovanos appellabant. Ab ipsapraeterea gloria, quae apud ilos Slava dicitur, Slavitni
dicti( H istoriaeR egniB oiem iae,15 5 2 ).
SLAWISCHEN VOLKSTAMM
On the basis of historical documents and textual analysis, in the 19th century
most historians and Slavists of note readS arm at asS lav. Quandt, for example, writes
thatS a rm a t is another name forS la v : Der Name bezeichnet den Slawischen
Volkstamm.
OLDEST RETRIEVABLE HABITAT
In the second half of the 20th century linguistic analysis tends to generally confirm
the prehistoric 'Sarmat' roots of Slavdom. The following words, for example, follow Z.
Golab's examination of a number of Slavic words with the initial x-: First of all, the

problem of the prehistorical ethno-linguistic contacts between the Slavs (Proto- Slavs) and the Pontic Iranians (Scythians and Sarmatians) reappears as an impor- tant problem. Such a number of loanwords concerning such different semantic spheres cannot be accidental: it must be interpreted as a result of a prolonged period of very close inter-ethnic relations, especially because among the words discussed there are such for which we should a phonemic 'Iranization' rather than simple borrowing. Briefly, we should 'rehabilitate' the idea of close relations between the Proto-Slav and the Scythians or Scytho-Sarmatians ... Another con- clusion which can be drawn from the above lexical facts concerns the location of the oldest 'retrievable' habitat of the Slavs in the period of their close contacts
witht hePonticIranians( Z .Golab ,T helnitialX - inCom m onS lavic : AContrib ution toP rehistoric alS lavic -
Iranian Contacts, American Contributions to the VIIInternational Congress of Slavists, 1973).

 

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Sarmaticaresp ubl i c a, Sarmatae populus( KPotkowski,Sarm atissm us ahpolitisc heideologic der
jagelionischen Dynasties, Zeitschrift fur Ostmitteleuropae Forschung 44, 1995).
SLOVO APUD SARMATAS

ThatS arm ats wereS lavs wereS arm ats was the premise of numerous medieval and later commentaries on the history and language of the Slavs. In a mid-16th century history of Bohemia, the learned Bishop of Olomouc, John Skala of Dubravka( J ohannes
Dubravius), derives the nameSlo v en (Slav) from the Sarmat wordSlo v o which, he ex-
plains, has the same meaning asV erb u m in Latin:I d en i m S t o wo ap ud S arm at as, q uo d

verbum apudL ationospersonat. Quoniam igitur otnnes Sarmatarum nationes late jam tune, longeque per Regna et Provincia sparsae unum nomen eumdemque sermonem, atque eadem propemodum verba sonarant, se uno etiam cognomine
Slovanos appellabant. Ab ipsapraeterea gloria, quae apud ilos Slava dicitur, Slavitni
dicti( H istoriaeR egniB oiem iae,15 5 2 ).
SLAWISCHEN VOLKSTAMM
On the basis of historical documents and textual analysis, in the 19th century
most historians and Slavists of note readS arm at asS lav. Quandt, for example, writes
thatS a rm a t is another name forS la v : Der Name bezeichnet den Slawischen
Volkstamm.
OLDEST RETRIEVABLE HABITAT
In the second half of the 20th century linguistic analysis tends to generally confirm
the prehistoric 'Sarmat' roots of Slavdom. The following words, for example, follow Z.
Golab's examination of a number of Slavic words with the initial x-: First of all, the

problem of the prehistorical ethno-linguistic contacts between the Slavs (Proto- Slavs) and the Pontic Iranians (Scythians and Sarmatians) reappears as an impor- tant problem. Such a number of loanwords concerning such different semantic spheres cannot be accidental: it must be interpreted as a result of a prolonged period of very close inter-ethnic relations, especially because among the words discussed there are such for which we should a phonemic 'Iranization' rather than simple borrowing. Briefly, we should 'rehabilitate' the idea of close relations between the Proto-Slav and the Scythians or Scytho-Sarmatians ... Another con- clusion which can be drawn from the above lexical facts concerns the location of the oldest 'retrievable' habitat of the Slavs in the period of their close contacts
witht hePonticIranians( Z .Golab ,T helnitialX - inCom m onS lavic : AContrib ution toP rehistoric alS lavic -
Iranian Contacts, American Contributions to the VIIInternational Congress of Slavists, 1973).
ENDNOTES
In Sebrany Spisy, I (1862), sub-section Slovanske narody u Herdota, Safarik discusses the linguistic, onomastic and
textual evidence in favor of a Proto-Slav interpretation of the Budini and the 'Neuri cili Nuri." M.I. Artmanov,
Venedi, Neuri i Budini v slavjanskom etnogeneze, Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta 2, 1946. M. Plezie,
Neurowie w swietle hisotriografii starozytnej, PdZ 8,1952. K. Tymniecki, Neurowie—Weneci, PaM 5,1957. O.N.
Trubacev, Staraja Skifija Gerodota i slavjane, AzY6, 1977. B.A. Rybakov, Gerodotova Skifija, 1979

5. SLAVS ARE SARMATS ARE SERBS?
T
he notion that theS arm at s wereS lavs was originally based in large
part on the premise that theSarm at s wereS erbs, that the names
Sarmat and Serb share a common root. Thus medieval texts sometimes identify
Sarmatiaas Sarabatije, as land of the Serbs/Sorabsi'Sarahs: Sarabatiepropiecurrentes
velsibi viventes Zirbi.
SARMATAESIRBI
Bishop Salomon's early 10th century dictionary-encyclopedia,M ater V erb orum in-
forms readers that theSarmats were once called Serbs: Sarmatae... Sirbitum dictia
serendo id estquasi sirbintiu. Vecerad, an early 12th century commentator on the Czech
edition of Mater Verborum equates theS arm at sand S erbs in the following terms:
Sarmatae populi Zirbi,110 2
ANTIQUISSIMUM NOMEN SARMATIS

An early 16th century chronicle, Chronicon Carionis, originally compiled by J. Carion (1499-1537), a noted German mathematician, astronomer, and historian, first printed in 1532, relates theS arm at i an s to theS erbs in the following ways:The name
Serb is derived from the names Sorab and Sarmat(a Sorabos et Sarmatis trahere);
Sorab is the oldest form of SarmatEx nomine exitimo factum esse nomen Sorabi,
paucis literis mutatis; Soraborum antiquissimum nomen a Sarmatis retinuerunt).
The same source asserts thatS arm at i s the original name of allS erbs, of northern and
southernS erbs: S art n at arum ap p el at i o n em , c um q uae eo d em est S o rabo rum B o real i bus,
qui supra Pontum etMaeotidem habitarunt.
SRBLI ILLYRIORUM
In his mid- 16th century study Chalcondyles notes the historical and linguistic
factors that demonstrate beyond doubt that theS erbs/S rbl i ofIlly r ia / Illy r io r u m originate
inSarm at i a: From the Danubian lands on the the edge of Europe, from Sarmatia.
SARMATARUM, SORABI, SERBLI
In the 18th and 19th centuries some scholars remained certain that the nameS erb
is derived fromS arm at , that over time the nameS arm at evolved and survived asS o rab
and Serb: Obscurantum tamepaulatim et Sartnatarum nomen invenimus ita quidem
ut soli Sorabi et Serbli id conservasse existimentur. In his discussion of the original
name of the Slavs ('Prvotnajmenu Slovanu) inS eb ra n y S p isy II (1863), P. Safarik makes
it clear that: (1)Wendend Sarmat• ax e.other and later names forS erb (Vindove aSarmati
= Srbove);(2) thatS arm at i s another name forS erb (O Sarmatech = Srbech).
SERBISCHER ABKUNFT
Other scholars, noting that early geographers and commentators routinely abused
and misused the nameS arm at , are certain that it was often used as a name for theS erbs:
Den alten und vielfach missgebrauchten Namen der Sarmaten ... für alle Zweige
serbischer Abkunft. JAZYGES
In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries some scholars were certain that the
Sarmats-are-Serbs thesis was especially strong in the case of theSarmattan Jazyges.

According to Karl Anton von Gottlob, an 18th century German historian, philologist, and author of an encyclopedic history of the Serbs, the early history of the Serbs is obscured by a generic name for the nations of European and AsianSarm at i a, the so- calledS arm atians, a fictitious name for many very different nations including the Serbs, the so-calledSarm at i an s, who, according to Herodotus, spoke a corruptScy t hi an lan- guage( E rsteL inienE ines V ersuc hesü b erderA lten SlawenU rsprung,17 8 3 - 8 9 ).Ins u p p o rt of theJ ftZ g y e thesis, Gottlob and others make the following basic points: 1. In ancient timesS erb was the original, native and common name of all the Slavs; 2. Later, theS erb s were known by two names:Serband Jaz y g e, recorded asSarmattan Jazyge (e.g. Strabon'sJaz i g es
Sarmatae); 3. In the pre-Christian period elements ofthe J az y ges left the Serb-Jazyge

homeland in the Volga basin, migrated westward, occupied parts of Russia, Podolia, Moldavia, and Dacia and challenged the Romans in Danubia-Pannonia; 4. In the 1st century A.D., perhaps earlier, perhaps under pressure from the Huns, theS erbs left
Sarmatia and began settling in Europe; 5. InGerm ania the Serbs are called Wends,in
Danubiat h eS erbs are called Jazyges; 6.B e g i n n i n g w ith the 6th c e n t u r yt he Jaz y g e Serbs
ofDanub ia are calledSlo v en s by the Greeks and others; 7. Both names,Jaz y g eand
Sloven; Jazygehom jaz y k, Slovenf r o m Slovo, are derived from Old Slavic words con-
noting letter, word, speech, language; 8. All Slavs can be traced to theSerb or Jazyge
branches of the greatS erb trunk. According to Gottlob, vital evidence in favor of the
Jazyge Serb thesis is found in the historical record, in the numerous recorded Slavic

hydronyms, toponyms, and towns (e.g. Ptolemy'sSerbi t i um inP annonia Inf erior) sug- gesting an earlyS erb presence in Danubia 'coincidental' in time and place with that of the so-calledSarm a ti an Jaz y g e.
BABA, BUKA

Mid-5th century sources identifytwo J az y ge rulers with Slavic sounding names, namelyB aba andB uka at the head of theSarmatian Jazyges on the Danube near modern Belgrade:Quorum exitio Suavorum... freti auxilio Sarmatarum, qui cum

Beuca etBabai regibussuis auxiliari ei advenissent( 46 9 ); Theodoricus ex sattelitibus etexpopulopatris elegitsibipene sex milia viroum, cum quibuspatre inscio, permenso Danubio, Sarmatarum regem incurrit, equmque interemit,familiamqueac censum depredans, adgenitorem suum cum victoria redit. Singindunum dehinc civitatem, quam idem Sarmataepossidebant, invadens, non Romanis sedsuae subdidit ditioni
(470);T heo d eri cusad o l escen san n o rum1 8 , t ran si t oDan ubi o , super Sarm at as i rrui t ,
et regem eorum Babazperim.it, et cum bellicis manubiis victor atpatrem redit( 47 0 ).
SLAVS CALLED JAZYGES
InCom m entario H istoric a de V erib us Inc ois H ungariae Cis- Danuab ianae a M orav
Amneat Tibiscum (1767), J. Severini, an early authority on the history of Hungary and

Danubia, writes thatS lavs from the Oder, first calledSarm at s, thenWends, thenS lavs, andS lavs c alled J az y ges, with whom they shared a common language and institutions, settled the lands along and between the Tisa and Danube rivers. Zupanic does not iden-
tifyt heJaz y g esasSlav s. However, Zupanic suspectsth a t insomeinstances thenam e
Jazygesincludes Slavs calledS erbs. In the case of thejazgyeswho settled in the plains

 

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between the Danube and Tisa shortly after Christ's birth, for example, Zupanic believes
thatS erbs are included.
SERBS, BULGARS, JASYGES
It is interesting that a 16th century source recordst hejasy g es as one of the nations
that made up Hungary's peasantry: Saxons, Germans, Bohemians, Slavs, Wallachs,
Ruthenes, Serbs, Bulgars, Jasyges, Cumans

6. SERS, SCIRS, SRBUL
G

iven Toynbee's and other theories of Slav settlement in southeastern Europe, one thousand years before the birth of Christ, it is not sur- prising that diverse historical sources present evidence of possible Serb settlement
in Danubia and Pannonia in the first centuries of the Christian era.
SERETE, SERBINUM

According to Zupanic, evidence thatS erb s f rom Sarmatia orDacia settled along the Drava and Sava rivers in Panonnia in the first century of the Christian era or earlier is found in both Pliny and Ptolemy. Namely, Pliny'sS eret e, a nation located on the Drava River, and Ptolemy'sS erbi t i um , a town on the Sava River inP a n n o n ia In f e rio r.
MONIES SERRORUM
In his multi-volume Rerum gestarum libri, Ammianus Marcellanus (A.D. 330-
395), Rome's last major historian, refers to a section of the Transylvanian Alps asm an tes
Serrorumo r th eS e rr/S e rb M o u n ta in s. ' Zu p a n i c believes t h a t t h e mantes Serrorum can be
traced to early Serb settlements in Dacia:Since we have shown that Serri is the same
as Serb, the monies Serrorum mentioned by Marcellinus confirms the presence of
Serbs in the southern Carpathians, one of their stations on their move to the heart
of Europe ... Of course, It is quite possible that the Serbs were in the southern
Carpathians before Marcellinus's time. It is possible that Serb elements, together
with Jazyges, moved in as early as the first century B.C.2
EMPEROR LICINIUS

A later mid-12th century work, Joannes Zonaras'H istoric al E pitom e, believed to based on earlier sources, notably the complete text of Dio Cassius'R om aika and several lost Byzantine historians, relates themantes Serrorum to Emperor Valerius Licinianus Licinius (308-324), Roman co-ruler from 308-324, and brother-in-law—married to half- sister Constantia in 313—of Emperor Constantine the Great (307-337). After 313 Licinius was as supreme in the East as Constantine in the West. A deterioration in relations be- tween the two emperors led to open warfare in the Balkans in 614, where Licinius sought the support of pagans. Following defeat by Constantine's forces in 324, Licinius sought support in theS err M ountains. In the same year he was captured and exiled to Thessalonica, where he was executed the following year.
LIKINIJ SRBINY BITI RODOM
An intriguing and as yet unaccountable early 4th century Serb connection is found
in medieval Serb church manuscripts that, on the basis of 'authentic sources'( istinih
spisatelja)r e fe rtoL icinius'sS erb ancestry:Glagoljutistini spisatelji jako Likinij Srbiny
biti rodom ... Sija videv sin jego Bela Uros uze ot sestri carevi Konstatije;
Tsarstvujusci Likinijy... severnim i zapadnim stranama Srbin jest. Sze glagocistivij
Konstantin prisvajajet k sehe Likinija i vdaet jem sestry svojy Konstantijy v zenu;
Likinije sze Srbin be; I carstvuje v njem imase bolarina nekojego Srbina, imenom
Likinije; Sze Likinije bese dlamatinski gospodin rodom Srbin; bese si Likinije
Dal matins Id gospodin rodom Srbin. Rodi od Konstantije sina ot negoze
pokolenommimnozii zi dose, daze i doB eloga Urosa(R . Novakovic, Karpatskii Likijski Srbi,

 

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1997).
DAGON, DAGONIA
An even more intriguing early Serb connection with early Danubia/Dacia is found
in one of them a n u sc rip ts, theK arlovac kiR odoslov( K arlwacG enealogy ).A ccording tothis

source, at the time of Emperor Licinius: All Serbs worshiped Dagon. From Dagon the Dagonians and Dacians received their names; from Ser, all the Serbs. It goes on to say that: Among many others, he [Licinius] persecuted the saints and martyrs Jermil and Stratonik, who were in Dagonia, near the Istar [Danube].
ASIA MINOR, MIDDLE EAST
Some scholars believe that the reference toDag o n , a great Semitic god, suggests an
early and substantial Balkan-Danubian connection with Asia Minor and the Middle East
(RNovakovic ,J os oporeklu S erb a— Isva S rb ska idolu sluz ase Dagonu,19 9 2 ).Thee m i n e n tG e r m a nSlavist
H. Kunstmann believes that the Dagon cult in Danubia can be traced to Roman Emperor
Trajan (98-117 A.D.), to the forced resettlement of subject peoples originating in Asia
Minor in Dacia. Later, he believes, in the Christian era,Dag o n was a generic term for
pagans, for pagan Slavs in Dacia, for pagan Serbs who later settled in Poland, where
Kunstmann finds traces of Dagon (Dagome-iudex-Regeste) in late 10th century Polish
sources, including the name and titles of the house of Piast's Mieszko I, Poland's first ruler
(H.K unstm ann,Ü berde Herkunftder Polenvon Balkan, DwS,29, 1984)*W ithregard to theSerb-Polish
Dagon Connection, Kunstmann writes:Freilich, im Laufe der Jahrhunderte hat sich

die Bedeutung Dagons ganz erheblich geändert, nämlich ins diametrale Gegenteil, was besagt, dass der Name Dagon zum nomen dei falsi, zur Bezeichnung heidnischer Kulte, der Heiden schlechthin wurde. Dass die Verwendung des Namens Dagon zur Bezeichnung von Heiden sogar nch 1503 unter Balkanslaven üblich gewesen zu sein scheint, lasst sich belegen und beweisen. Eine Urhunde aus Karlovac, in der kurz über die Geschichte der serbischen "Zaren" berichtet wird, sagt folgendes: I vsa Srbska idolu sluzase Dagonu, otsud i Dagoni i Daky imenujut se. Damit wird nun nicht nur erstmals der Landername Srpska belegt, sondern auch, was im gegebenen Zusammenhang wichtiger ist, dass es zum Namen Dagon offenbar ebenfalls den Plural Dagoni gegeben hat, und zwar im Sinne von
Heiden.

Doch werden in der betreffenden Urkunde unter diesen heidnischen Dagoni ganz konkret die Daci oder Dacier verstanden. Gegen Ende heisst es in der Urkunde ausserdem este si v Dagaoni bliz Istra, was sogar erkennen lasst, dass die ehemalige romische Provinz Dacia, das Land Dacien, im Slavischen einmal Dagon geheissen und wohl die Bedeutung von Heidenland gehabt zu haben scheint. Wenn die Urkunde von 1503 unter diesen heidnischen Dagoni "dacische" Serben versteht, dann spiegelt sich darin auch ein Stuck Siedlungsgeschichte von den Daciern zu den Slaven wider. Die nich zu verkennende lautliche Übereinstimmung der ersten Silben Dag -oni//Dac -i had die volksetymologische Synonymic fraglos gefordert. Die in den drei Hanschriften der Dagome-iudex-Regest benutzte Form Dagone, also mit -e im Auslaut, ist eindeutig ein Reflex des Slavischen, das nämlich Dagon mit Halbvokal verwendet. Parenthetically, the fish, L. M. Graham writes, is a universal savior symbol...
The Hindus represented the first Avatar of Vishnu as half fish, half man—Pisces-
Aquarius; and our Christ is called by the the Piscean Avatar. In the Talmud the
Messiah is called Dag, the fish. The Phoenician and Philistian Dagon, the
Chaldean Cannes, and the Greek Phoibos were all fish men. The Greek word for
fish ichthus is made up of the initials of the five Greek words lesous (Ch)ristos,
(Th)eou Uios Soter—Jesus Christ the son of God, Savior.
DANUBIA. PANNONIA

As mentioned earlier, in theD ia lo g u e s of P s e u d o - C a e s a r , an early 5th century compi- lation based partly on 4th century sources, the Danubian Slavs are recorded asS k la v e n o i. A better known and often cited source on mid-5th century Danubia is Priscus of Priam, a Byzantine official and historian. A member of an embassy sent to Attila's camp in Pannonia by the Eastern emperor Theodosius II, Priscus is a perceptive, reliable and rare source of information on this tumultous period. In his account, Priscus mentions several nations that appear to have Slavic sounding names. In 434, Priscus writes: They [Huns] has-

tened to Scythia ... Soon they crossed they huge [Maeotic] swamp and ... over- whelmed the Alipurzi, the Alcidzuri, the Itimari, the Tuncassi, and the Boisci who bordered on the shore of Scythia.
BOISKI SERBS?
In 432 or 433, Priscus writes:a Hunnish ruler ... intending to go to war with
die Amilzouri, Itimari, Tonosours, Boiski and other races dwelling on the Danube
and who had taken refuge in a Roman alliance.Some scholars suspect that some of

the nations so-named are Slavs, perhaps Serbs, namelytheA l- m iz uri,Milcani Serbs; the Tono-sursi, Surs-Serbs; the Iti-mari,M oravi Serbs; the Boiski,B oi ski Serbs, Emperor Constantine VII'sB oi ki Serbs.
STRAVAPriscus' account of his visit to Attila's camp in Pannonia also reveals strongs Slavic
traces in the personal names, food, drink, and customs of the Huns and their Scythian
allies: millet//>rar0; honey/medos; funeralf east/strava). Especially striking is the Slavic fu-
neral ceremony orS tra v a following Attila's death in 454: After he had been mourned
with such lamentations they celebrated a 'Strava' as they call it, over his tomb with
great revelry, coupling opposite extremes of feeling in turn among themselves.
A SLAVIC TRIBE
C.D. Gordon's authoritative translation and commentary on 5th century Greek
historians gives important information on the Sciri or Scyri, a Slavic tribe, once part
of dieHunnishempi re( T heA geof A ttila,i960).We learn that: 1) TheSciri, who had
settled in Lower Moesia on the Danube, were a power in Pannonia where they were
in more or less constant conflict with the Goths; 2) the Sciri played an important role
in the Western armies commanded by Ricimer [appointed commander of imperial
armies by emperor Avitus] and his successors; 3) the Sciri formed an important
part of Odovacar's army in his final conquest of Italy; 4) Odovacar, the first barbar-
ian king of Italy, either sprang from the race of Thuringi on his father's side and the
Sciri on his mother's side,according to one account, or he was of the nation of the

 

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Scyri,according to another.
SARMATIAN SCIRI
In fact, Pliny suggested the ethnic character of theSciri several centuries earlie
(Pomerania isinhabited as far as theV i stulaRiver by theSarmatian Venedi,Sciri,
Hirri). While Pliny's text does not identify the Sciri as Serbs, evidence in support ofthat I

notion is found in the fact that in the general area inhabited by the SarmatianSciri, inI prehistoric Pomerania and Poland west of the Vistula, one finds overwhelming onomas- tic evidence of Serb settlement.
SCYTHIAN AND GERMAN NATIONS

With regard to this period, to the role of Slavs in Gothic armies, it is important to keep in mind that history and archaeology indicate that the Goths generally, and the Ostrogoths or East Goths, east of the Dniester River, particularly, had significant Slavic components. Referring to an early Gothic ruler, Cassidorius' Origo Gothica states that Ermanaric ruled over all Scythian and German nations. In this regard it is important to keep in mind that by the mid-4th century, the Ostrogoths, who dominated the Pontic area, were ethnically and culturally transformed by local elements. In fact, recent excava- tions indicate that Germanic elements were never preponderant, that 'Scythian' Slavs formed an important part of the Ostrogothic kingdom. The 'Scythization' of the Ostrogoths is discussed at length in a recent work by the German historian H. Wolfram
(HistoryoftheGoths,1988). Linguistic evidenceof earlyand close Slav-German associationin
military affairs is found in the Old Slav/>/«£, troops in battle formation, in Slavic deriva-
tivesp lu k , p u lk , p u k connoting regiment, people en masse, and Gothic-German equiva-
lents,nam ely f olk, f olc , f olk; in such Slavic combination personal names/titles asS vetopolk,
commander of a strong troop.
MODERN SCHOLARSHIP

In different ways and degrees authoritative modern scholarship offers support for Gottlob's general thesis in terms of earlySarn ut t i an -Slav -Serb settlement in Danubia- Pannonia.The broad, deep, exhaustive,and thorough researchof L. Niederle( S lovanske
Starozitnosti, 1902-1919), one of thep illars of modern Slavistics, suspectsth a t theSlavsw ere

already in Central Europe at the end of the second millennium, alongside the Germans in the north, alongside the Thracians in the Carpathians, with the Iranians and Caucasians in the Black Sea area, with the Baits along the Baltic Sea, where they lived together in a Baltic-Slavic union. All available evidence, Niederle writes, places the Slavs in southern Hungary, Transylvania, and the Danube in the first centuries of our era, an area settled by the SarmatianJaz g y es in the first century A.D.
SIRMIUM, SERDICA, VRBAS

Citing cities along the Danube basin, likeS irum ium (Srem) andS erdic a( Sred i st e) , apparent Latinizations for descriptive Slavonic place names, Toynbee suspects a strong Slavonic presence in the area during the Roman period. F. Dvornik, following Safarik, finds hard, conspicuous evidence of early Slavic settlement in the existence of such proto- typical Slavic place names as Vuka, Vrbas andVuci ca in Danubian Pannonia, modern Slavoniaand Banat, areasofS arm at i an settlment,f r o m the 2nd century onward( E arly
Slavic Civilization, 1956; The Making of Central and Eastern Europe, 1974). LIMIG-ANTES, ARDAGAR-ANTES

In the early 300s the Sarmatians are recorded asL im igantes andA rdagarantes. It appears obvious to the noted historian G. Vernadsky, that the/öz^-SarrnatianL im igantes areL im ig- A ntes are Antes are Slavs, that theA rdagantes areA rdagar- A ntes are Antes are Slavs (The Originsof Russia, 1959).W hen civilw ar brokeout about A.D. 332,the defeated
Acarag-Antes took refuge in Roman territory and were given land in Pannonia or present-

day Serb Voivodina. In the war with Rome that followed, theL im ig- A ntes fought well and bravely (with invincible stubborness, not a single man asked for pardon, records Ammianus). Defeated in 358, forced to retreat beyond theTisza River, theL im ig- A ntes remained a force to be reckoned with until the arrival of the Huns circa A.D. 430.
LINGUISTIC RECORD

The linguistic record also points in the direction of early Slavic settlement in Danubia. InVanished Civilizations (1963), T. Sulimirski, a noted authority on the Sarmatians (The Sarmatians, 1970), makesthe following supporting points:1) The studyof the toponomy of Romania shows that the Slavs adopted unromanized Dacian place names in the Roman province of Dacia or Latin names and transmitted them to the Romanians; 2) In the sphere of social and political life, the oldest Romanian terminology shows that Latin terms were translated or replaced by Slavic words; 3) The Slavic element came into Romanian during the common Romanian period and before the division of the language into its four main dialects; 4) The phonetic structure of Romanian words of Slavic origin often reveals their great antiquity; 5) The study of the Slavic names of the Tisa and other rivers of the Hungarian Plain also confirm the theory that the Slavs were on the southern side of the Carpathians well before the sixth century A.D.
SRBUL

Interesting contemporary evidence that the early Slavs in Danubia were called Serbs is found in that fact that centuries after the Serbs disappeared and the Bulgars appeared, the natives of Wallachia and Moldavia still refer to their southern neighbors along the Danube asS erbsor S rbul . According to Budimir, in addition to other factors, clear evidence of an ancient Serb/Slav element n Danubia and Dacia is also found in the Roma- nian system of counting from ten upward as well as other linguistic substratums.
ENDNOTES
Ammianus' work is written in extreme detail and its general accuracy has never been challenged. Originally in thirty-
one books covering the years 96-378, the extant narrative begins with the events of 353, the year he joined the army
and served on Rome's eastern frontier.

In 'Juzne kulture i narodi prema luzickoj kulturi, Praslovenima i Slovenima', a paper presented at the International Congress of Slavic Archaeolog, Warsaw, 1965 (Miedzynanrodowy kongres archeologii slowianskiej, 1968), V. Trbuhovic presents evidence in support of his thesis that in the first century B.C. the Slavs resisted the Romans in Danubia, that
some remained, others migrated north and east.
For a Polish interpretation of Dagome iudex: P. Bogdanowicz, Geneza aktu dyplomatycznego zwanego Dagime
iudex,RoH25,1959

 

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7. ET ALIO NOMINA SORABI DICTI:
WENDS, VANDALS
A
s the following selections indicate, one often finds the statement in
early and modern scholarship that Wend in one form or another (e.g.
Gutnielasin Sarmatoru idest Guinedorum)is a German name for Slavs called
Serbs: 1) Wend (Wenden) is a German name for the Sorben; 2)The Serbs are
Wends and the Wends are Serbs; 3) The land between the Saale and Elbe were
settled by Slavs, Wends who are also called Serbs; 4) Winden sind also Serben,
und das land Winden ist Srbien; 5) The so-called Sarmatians or Wends of Ger-
many and Poland are Serbs.
VENEDIS SLAVIS, SORABI
One of the earliest German sources refers to theVenedi Slavs also calledS erb s: A
Venedis Slavisq uiet ali o nomina Sorabid i cti( Chronic le ofFredgarms, 642).A ccording to the
Chronicon Cario nis compiled by J. Carion (1499-1537): 1)Most Sarmats were Wends
(Sarmaturum gentem maximum Henetosesse) ;2)Sarmat andHenet are one and
the same name and another name for the Serbs.L i n g ua H en eta orWi n d i sche spräche

is said to be the common language of the Slavs. According toChronicon Saxoniae, a German chronicle compiled in 1625, the Slavs on Saxony's borders are Heneti Sorabi who in different times and places are also known as Heneti, Wendi, Slavi andVan d ali :
The lands east of the Elbe were settled by the Heneti, who the Germans call Wendi,
the Italians, Slavi, and even Vandali by some writers.
VENEDORUM NATIONE
As the title of a 17th century study of the Serbs of Germania and Bohemia indi-
cates the Serbs areVenedorum Nationeare Populi Venedicti are Wends are Serbs:
Disputatio Historicade Serbis, Venedorum NationeVul g oDi ctiDi e Wenden.
VANDALS, VANDALIA
As the following series indicates, medieval sources sometimes refer to Germania's
Slavs and neighboring Slavs asV andals/Wandals, their lands,Van d ali a/Wan d ali a:1)

Ab Oriente Wandalorum gens ferocissima habitat; 2) Contra Wandelicos auxiliantibus; 3) De Sclavia. Sclavia estpars Mesia, multas continens regiones. Nam Sclavi sunt Bohemi, Poloni, Metani, Vandali, Rutheni;4) In Wandalos; 5) In regionem Wandalorum; 6) Inter Saxoniam et Vandaliam estAlbus. Estautem Vandalia terra, cujus gentes Slavi dicuntur;7 ) L ingua Rutenorum et Polonorum et Boemorum et Sclavanorum eadem est cum lingua Wandalorum; 8) Sclavorum in regionem Wandalorum; 9) Wandalos, quos nunc appellant Guenedos. The notion that at one
time Germania's Slavs orWi n uli were calledVan d al s has deep roots in early German
sources. In the late 11th century Adam of Bremen writes: Sclavania igitur, amplissima
Germaniaeprovintia, a Winulis incolitur, qui olim diet sunt Wandali.One century
later, Adam's successor, Helmold, writes: Where Poland ends one comes into a most
extensive Slavic province, that of the people who of old were called Vandali, but
nowWinithi or Winuli.Regarding the identity and location of the Winuthior: Winuli,
Helmold writes: The other river, the Oder, tending toward the north, passes through
the territory of the Winuli peoples, dividing the Pomeranians from the Wilzi. At its mouth, where its watersswel l those of the Baltic Sea, there one stood Jumen
[Wolin]... Then, beyond the sluggish current of the Oder and the territory peopled
by several Pomeranian tribes, there lies toward the west the country of the Winuli,
of those namely, who are called Tholenzi and Redarii.
WANDALO PATRE POLONORUM

In medieval Polish sources one finds the notion thatWan d al s take their name fromWan d al us, the father, progenitor of the Polish nation, of the Polish or Lechtic nation: Necno autem quatuor filios genuit, cuius primogenitus Wandalus, a quo

Wandalitae, qui Poloni nunc dicuntur,orti sunt. Hie ex nomine suo fluvium, qui nunc Wysla vulgariter nuncupatur, Wandalum censuit appellari, nam et mons, de quo oritur dictusfluvius Wanda ab eiusdem nomine vocitatur; Ipsa denique Wanda a. Wandalo, WandalorumidestPolonorumsiveL echitarumprogenitoe, de quo supra diximus nomen accepit; velpotest did Wanda a Wandalo scilicetflumine Wisla eo, quodeius regni centrum extiterit. The same sources trace the origin of all Slavic nations
to the sons ofWan d al us: H abui t [Wan d al us] quo que m ul t o sfi l i o s, qui g en erat i o n i bus

suis ultra quartampartem Europaeper regiones et regna semen suum multiplicando possederunt, videlicet: totalRussiam adorientem, Poloniam maximam terrarum et matrem, Pomeraniam, Seleuciam, Cassubiam, Sarbiam quae nunc Saxonia dicitur, Bohemiam, Moraviam, Stiriam, Carinthiam et Sclavoniam: quae nunc Dalmacia dicitur; Chrowatiam, Pannoniam, quae nunc Ungaria dicitur, Bulgariam et alias quamplures, quarum multitudepropterprolixitatem subticetur.
ALBERT KRANZ
An early authority on Saxony, A. Kranz (1450-1517), author of two important
historical treatises,V andalia (1519) andS ax onia (1520), is certain thatVan d al sare Wen d s
areSlav s who are divided into many nations, Poles, Bohemians and many others. A

decade later one finds the same notion in D. Chytraei'sV andalia (1591). Kranz, Chytraei and other scholars know that the originalVan d al s were a Germanic nation, who first appear in 406 when they crossed the Rhine, invaded Gaul and Spain, established a kingom in North Africa, and sacked Rome in 455. They believe that at some early point in time Slavic peoples settled alongside the GermanicVan d al s, and that later, after the latter had departed, the Slavs occupied their lands and came to be known asVan d al s.
GERMAN-SLAVVANDALS

Carrying thelongtim e G erm an- S lav neighb ors and f riends notion several steps for- ward, some German writers believe that the Slavic Vandals or: Wends represent the union of\f o n d a lo \d n m ers left behind and Slavic newcomers in former Vandal lands. On this point, M.B. Latimi writes: Als haben sich die Witzer Wuder and andere Slaven aus
Sarmatien Wandalen so heuffig in diese Lender und Stette gemachlich
eingedrungen, und mit dem Wandalen vereinbaret und befreudent, dass darüber
die alte Teutsche Sprache corrumpiret, und die Wendische Zunge mit eingwurzeit,
vermischetundgemein'worden i s(Wiasmariensis megapolitani genealochronicon,16 10 ).
EINWENDE
In a less speculative spirit a German historian writes in 1508 that Sarmatians,
Vandals and Slavs are Wends:Sarmatha et Vandalus et Sclavus =ein W ende. Accord

 

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ing to another historian of the same period, Slav is a popular name for Vandal: Vandali,
quos vulgus Sclavos appelant. One finds the same notion in the title of an article by a
German authority on the subject in the early 20th century:Wandalen = Wenden( L
Steinberger, Wandalen = Wenden, AnP 37, 1915).
WEND/VANDAL AUS SCYTIA
In the mid-16th century, N. Volrab, a native of Budusin, informs his readers that
theWen d s, who originated inS c y thia(di e Wen d aus Scy t i a) are also known asVan d al s
andSlavs(Chronica von denA n tiq u ite te ndes KeiserlichenStrifiesd e r Romische Burgu n dS tadt Marseburg, 1556). In
the same period one of Basel's leading scholars, S. Munster (1448-1552), says the same
thingind i ffe r e n t words:Vandalen wo manjetztW endennennt(Cosmographia Universaüs).
VANDALS, VENEDS, SARMATS, SCYTHS
Regarding the conquest and settlement of Germania, C.S. Schurzfleisch writes:
Vandalis Venedi, Venedis Sarmatae, Germanis Schythae successerunt... Invadunt
Vandalontmdi ti o n esVen ed i( O riginesPom eranic ae,16 7 3 ).
VANDALOS SORABORUM NOMEN
According to an early 17th century history of Meissen, theVan d al s who founded
Meissen wereS erbs, actuallyS o rabs, a name derived fromS erb as in Ptolemy'sSarm at i an
Serbs: Vandalos peculiare Soraborum nomen habuisse... cuius derivatio a Serbis...
quorum Ptolemaeusm em i n i tsub sarmaticis populisi nA si a( R .R einerius,DeM isenom m
origine, rebus, gestis, mutationibus, variis dominatibus, etadventuin Germanium).
NUMEROUS, POWERFUL

The Vandals are prominent in M. Orbini's 1602 account of the origin of the Slavs. TheVan d al s, Orbini writes, were one of the more numerous and powerful Slav nations, who occupied a great area from the Baltic in the north to the Mediterranean in the south. According to Orbini, the Moscovites, Russians, Poles, Bohemians, Dalma- tians, Istrians, Croats and Rasians are some of the modern nations descended from the
Vandals.
LEXICON VANDALICUM
In the 17th and 18th centuries it is not uncommon for German Serb scholars to
refer to the Serbs as Vandals in the title and text of studies, lexicons, and grammars:
Didascalia seu Orthographia Vandalica; Enchiridion Vandalicum; Lexicon

Vandalicum; L inguae Vandalicae addialectum districtus Cotbusiani; Orthographia Vandalica; Principia linguae wendicae quant aliqui wandalicum vacant; Rudimenta Grammaticae Sorabo-Vandalicae Idiomatis Budissinatis; Versio VandalicaPraestandi homagiißdelitatio. Thus the full nameotS oc ietatisJ ab lanoviaae, a Leipzig based asso-
ciation promoting scholarly research and publication of Slavic studies, originating in the
18th century, included the following ethnonymic elements: Acta Societatisjablanoviaae
deSlavis Venedis, Antis, Vilzis, Sorabis aliquid de Vandalis et Henetis. 8. QUOD TANTUM EST REGNUM
T

hroughout history, from the medieval to the modern, historians origi- nating in diverse geographical-national circumstances, in diverse intel- lectual-cultural traditions and perspectives, acting on the basis of similar and dif-
ferent sources, some known, some unknown, have reached the same or similar conclu-
sions, namely that the Serbs are an ancient people, the ancestors of all or most Slavic
peoples.
QUOD TANTUM EST REGNUM
According to an important 9th century source, the Bavarian Geographer'sD e sc rip -
tio Civitatum ad Septentrionalem( h e r e a f t e r Descriptio Civitatum), all Slavs originate in
the immense lands of a great Serb dominion:Zeriuani, quod tantum est regnum, ut
ex eo cunctae gentes Sclavorum exortae sint et originem, sicut affirmant, ducant.
(A realm so great that from it, as their tradition relates, all the nations of the Slavs are
sprung and trace their origin).
TOTIUS ORBIA ANTIQUISSIMAM EX MAXIMAM
Some six centuries later one finds the same notion in another important and
authoritative source, namely Laonicus Chalcondyles' mid-15th century magnum opus,
Historiarum Demonstrations. A cautious, solid and reliable historian, Chalcondyles is
certain that the Serbs are the one of the greatest nations in the whole world in terms of
age and number:Serblos autemgentem esse totius orbis antiquissimam et maximam,
compertum habeo.
SERBICA

Certain Serb facts on the ground in the length and breadth of Greece itself were perhaps a factor in a Byzantine Greek historian's estimation of the age and size of the Serb nation. According to Byzantine sources, a Serb principality was established in Thessaly, centered atS erbi en , not far from Mount Olympus, in the 7th century. Diverse sources
document aS erbi aor S erbi en , a settlement and stronghold of immense strategic import

near the gorge that interrupts the mountain wall of Vermion and Olympus, through which the Bistrica River fights its way to the Aegean Coast. Later medieval Greek sources describeS erbi a as a well-fortified polis divided into three sections, the akra, where the archon lived, and the uppera n d lower sections inhabited by the politia( N.Z upanic ,T heS erb

Settlement in the Macedonian Town ofSrbiste in the Vllth century and the Ethnological and Sociological Moment in the Report ofConstantinus Porphyrogenitus concerning the Advent of Serbs and Croats, Etnolog 1,1926-27; P Skok, Konstantinova. Serbia u Grckoj, Glas SkA CLX X X I, 1938; B. Ferjancic, Vizantijski isrpski Ser u X IVstolecu, 1994).
SIRBANOS
A 1454-55 Ottoman document records a number of Christian timar holders
with Serb-sounding names in Thessaly: Dobros, Miroslavis, Bogdanos, Bogranos,
Sirbanos, Rados (N.Belcideanu, Timariotes chretiens inT hessalie, SuD 42,198 3 ).A n o t h e rOt t o m a n
document of the same period reveals a royal Serb presence in the person of Mara Brankovic,
daughter of Serbian Despot Djurach Brankovic, widow of Sultan Murad II, and step-
mother of Sultan Mehmed II. This source indicates that she was granted extensive own-
ership of lands in the area of Serres, including two villages with Serb sounding names,

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

JezovoandMravi nci /Muravni ca,situated southof Lake Takhinos( B .F erjandc ,T esalija uX IIl
iX IVveku,19 7 4).LaterOt t o m a n documents indicate that Mara granted both villages to the
monasteries of Hilandar and St. Paul on Mount Athos in 1466. Excavationsin Jezovo,
now Daphni, have uncovered architectural remains associated with Mara, including a
Structurek n o w n as theT ow er ofM a ra( M .U rsinius.A nO ttom anCensusR egister for theA reaof S em s,S uD
45, 1986).
THRACE, EPIRUS
TheS erb ethnikon is also found near Kirk Kilise in Turkish Thrace; near Trikalla

in the Trikalla-Karditsa district of Greek Thrace, where the distinguished German histo- rian,M. Vasmer, found122 Slav placenam es(Die Slavenin Griechenland,19 4l). Also near Yanina in the district of Epirus where Vasmer found no less than 334 Slav place names. Also on the rugged Chalcidic Peninsula, on the middle prongof L ongos (derived from a Slav word forw o o d la n d ), near the isthmus ofP ro v la k o s (a slightly Graecized word for
isthmus).In fact, a 10th century document from this area, a testimonial signed by several
Slav witnesses,is considered to be the oldest datedg la g o lith ic monument( G.S oulis, O nthe
Slavic Settlement in Hierissos in the Tenth Century, Byzantion 23, 1953).
SERBISTA, ZERVOKHORIA

In W.M. Leake's late 18th century account of his travels in northern Greece, one finds a number ofS erb - Z erv place names:Z ervo kh ia , one of two rivers ofMt. Pelium; the villageso f S ervu la , near Vostitza;S erp , alsoS erb ista , near Serres;Zerv o kho ri , near Negrita. On the territory of the Khimara ('the whole of the ancient Acroceraunian ridge ... the towns of Nivitza, Lukovo, Pikernes'),S erb appears in the name and ancestry of
one one of the leading clans, theZerv at i , who take their name from Zerva, a village
of the district of Arta. There were three brothers of that village, one of whom
turned Turk; another settled at Lefka at Corfu, where there is now a family of
Zervates;the third migratedto Suli( W.M .L eake, T ravelsinNorthern Greec e,19 6 7 ).
PELOPONNESUS
TheS erb ethnikon is found in greatest numbers in the Peloponnesus. In the

district of Argolis, near the isthmus of Corinth, a neck of land connecting the Peloponnesus to the rest of Greece; in the district of Ellis on the west coast of the Peloponnesus. Near Herata, in central Arcadia, an area rich in Slav place names; near Tryphylia in the south- western district of Messenia. At several places in the rugged southeastern district of Laconia (Sparta), an area that includes the Mani and the high and rugged Taygetos range (D.J.
Georgacas, The Medieval Names Melingi and Ezeritae of Slavic Groups in the Peloponnesus, Bz T 43, 1950). In his
study of Slavic names in Messenian Mani, P. Malingoudis identifies a numbero f S erb -
sounding toponyms common to both Germaniana n d Illyrian Serb lands, including,
among others: Bolesin, Cernov, Devica, Dubrava, Godine, Golina, Gora, Gostim,
Kamenik, Laz, Les, Ljuta, Luka, Malotin, Mokrina, Nizina, Okci, Ostrovo, Plavina,
Polica,P rosek,Radesin,Raztok,Rov,Senovica,Slavota, Vrba,Zadel( P.M alingoudis,
Studien zu den slavischen Ortsnamen Griechenlands, 1981).
STRATEGIC LOCATIONS
It is interesting and perhaps significant that a number of better-known Serb settle-
ments in Graecia were established at highly strategic points: near Mt. Olympus; thChalcidic Peninsula; the isthmus of Corinth; near Mt. Taygetus in Laconia-Sparta. Ac- cording to Zupanic, this was certainly true of the Serb settlement near Mt. Olympus. Impressed with the obvious military character of Serb settlement, he writes:It seems to
me that the first Srbisce must have a warrior camp. The Serbs came south as an
organized army ... The settlement of Srbsice suggests that it served as a military
base and as an organizing point for newcomers.
ANCIENT GRAECIA
There is some evidence that Slav settlement can be traced as far back as the begin-
nings of ancient Greece. No less an authority than Toynbee notes that some geographical
names of that period have a distinctly Slavonic filter. Indeed, he suspects thatthe
ancient Paiones may actually have been a Slavonic speaking people.Regarding the
time of Slavic settlement, Toynbee writes:Slavs were probably part of the Thracian
and Illyrian Volkerwanderung into southeastern Europe from 1,700 to 1,800 years
before the massive Volkerwanderung of the Slavs in the 6th and 7th centuries of the
Christian era. In the year 581, John of Ephesis gives the following account of the
massive Slav Volkerwanderung in the late 6th century: An accursed people called
Slavonians overran the whole of Greece ... captured the cities and overran nu-
merous strongholds . . . reduced the people to slavery, made themselves the mas-
ters of the whole and settled in it by means of force and dwelt in it as though it
had been their own . . . The Slavonians live at ease in the lands and dwell in it as far
and wide as God permits them.Four years later, he writes: they [Slavonians] live in
peace in the Roman territories, free from anxiety and fear . . . And they have grown
rich in gold and silver and herds of horses and arms, and have learned to fight
better than the Romans.'
ENDNOTES

M. Vasmer, Die Slaven in Grieschenland, 1941. P. Charanis, Nicephorus I, the Saviour of Greece from the Slavs, Byzantina-Metabyzantina 1, 1946; On the Question of the Slavonic Settlements in Greece during the Middle Ages, ByS 10, 1949; The Chronicle of Monemvasia and the Question of the Slavonic Settlements in Greece, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5, 1950; On the Slavic Settlements in the Peloponnesus, ByZ 46,1953; On the Slavic Settlement in the Peloponnesus, Studies on the Demography of the Byzantine Empire, 1972. J. Werner, Slavische Bronzefiguren aus Nordgriechenland, 1953. P. Lemerle, Invasions et migrations dans les Balkans depuis la fin de l'epoque romaine jusqu au VHIe siecle, Revue Historique 211, 1954. F. Dolger, Ein Fall slavischer Einsiedlung im Hinterland von Thessalonike im 10. Jhd., Sitzungsber Bayer. Akad. Philo-Hist, 1957. C. Hopf, Die Slaveneinfalle in Griechenland, 1962. P. Malingoudis, La penetration des Slaves dans la peninsule balkanique et la Grece continentale, Revue des Etudes Sud-East Europeenes 1, 1963; Studien zu den slavischen Ortsnamen Griechenlands I, Slavische Flurnamen aus der messenischen Mani, 1981; Toponymy and history: Observations concerning the Slavonic toponymy of the Peloponnese, CyM 7, 1983; Zur fruhslawischen Sozialgeschichte im Spiegel der Toponymie, Etudes Balkanique 21, 1985; Frühe slawischen Elemente im Namengut Griechenlands, Die Volker Sudosteuropas im 6. bis 8. Jh, 1987. J. Schropfer, Slavisches in Ortsnamen der Peloponnes, besonders der Argolis, Orbis Scriptus, 1966. M.S.F. Hood, An Aspect of the Slav Invasons of Greece in the Early Byzantine Period, Sbornik Narodniho Muzea v Praze, Rada A, Historic XX, 1966. J. Karayannopulos, Zur Frage der Slavenansiedlungen auf dem Peloponnes, RevEtSudEstEur 9, 1971. J. Köder, Zur Frage der slavischen Siedlungsgebiete im mittelalterlichen Griechenland, ByZ 71, 1978. Wi Weithmann, Die slavische Bevölkerung auf der grieschischen Halbinsel. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Ethnographie, 1978; Strukturkontinuitat und Diskontinuiat auf der Griechischen Halbinsem im Gefolge der slavischen Landnahme,
MzB 2, 1979; Anthropologisches Fundgut zur Einwanderung der Slaven im Griechenland. Eine
Materialzusammenstellung, Homo 36, 1985. P.A. Yannopoulos, La Penetration Slave en Argolide, Bulletin de
correspondance hellenique 6, 1980. A.A. Beleckij, Slavjanska toponimija Greceii, Perspektivy ravitija slavjansko
onomastiki, 1980. S. Vryonis, The Evolution of Slavic Society and the Slavic Invasions of Greece, Hesperia 50,1981.
H. Birnbaum, Noch einmal zu den slavischen Milingen auf der Peloponnes, FsT H. Brauer, 1986. Z. Golab, Jazikot
na Prvite Sloveni vo Grcija i istorijata na makedonskiot jazik, MaK XL-XLI, 1989-90

 

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PART III
1. WHITE SERBS
I

n terms of conventional sources, there is no record of proto-Polish civilization, of Poland's social and political foundations, in the centuries prior to the formation of the medieval Polish state in the 10th century. Poland enters the historical record in
the mid-10th century with several very brief references to King Mieszko (963-992).
One toKing Misaca, under whose rule the Slavs were living, a second to Mieszko,
king of the north.
ONOMASTIC EVIDENCE
Nonetheless there is overwhelming onomastic evidence that the Serbs occupied
much of the territory of prehistoric Poland and played a seminal role in the early stages
of Corona Regnum Poloniae.
BIALI SERBOWIE
In a mid-20th century study, the distinguished Polish historian, T. Lewicki iden-
tifies numerous place names with the Serb ethnikon in core and perimeter Polish lands
(T.L ewic ki,K onstantegoP of irogenety iB iali Serbowe wpolnocnjeP olsc e,R oH 22,1956).W hatism o sts i g n i f i -

cant is the fact that the greatest concentrations of the more than thirty-six ethnonymic Serb place names cited are found in the geographic center of the proto-Polish nation.1 More precisely, place names at and near Gniezno, the center ofVi el ko po l ska or Great Poland, and Poznan, the first capitals of the Polish state and the seats of the first Polish metropolis and bishopric. An Old Slavic word,gniez no connotes nest, cradle, heart, core, nucleus. Recent evidence of Gniezno's primacy in Poland's historical-national con- sciousness is found in the words of Pope John Paul at Gniezno in 1979: Here I greet
with veneration the nest of the Piast, the origin of the history of the motherland.
ORIGIN OF THE MOTHERLAND

In this historic area, bound by the Warta river in the west, the Notec river in the north, and Lake Goplo in the east, with large fortifications at Kurswica, Gniezno, and Poznan, and smaller fortifications at Klecko, Ostros, Lednicki, Giez, Lad, and Trzemesno, in thisnest of the Piast, this origin of the history of the motherland, one finds a great number of ethnonymic Serbs. In fact, in this area Serb place names are found in greater number than anywhere at anytime in Europe.
Sarbia
Sarbin
Sarbia
Sarbina
Sarbia
Sarbino
Sarbia
Sarbice
Sarbino
Sarbicko
Sarbinovo
Sarbka
Sarbinovo
Sarbka
Sarbinovo
Sarbskie Huby
Sarbinovka
MALOPOLSKA

The Serbs also appear to be the dominant Slavic element in a secondary center of Polish nationhood. Professor Lewicki finds a concentration of politically strategic Serb place names inM alopolska or Little Poland. In the lands of the ancientV islanie, from the river Vis, Visla, Vistula, centered at Vislica, one of the oldest Polish cities, the seat of legendary Prince Vislav, one finds Szarbia, Szarbia, andSzarbkov. North of Vislica, between the ancient towns of Malogoszcz and Sandomierz, one findsSarbin
and Szarbsko.
MAZOVIA

East ofVi el ko po l ska, the Serb ethnikon is well represented in the former Duchy of Mazovia (united with Poland in 1526) where one finds the Serb ethnikon in both place names and surnames. North ofSzarb, for example,Sarbievo is the birthplace of the great poet and classicist Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1649).
POMERANIA

In language, culture, and geography Pomerania was an integral part of Baltic Slavic civilization west of the Oder River. In government and politics it had strong ties with the powerfulV eletian/L utic ian federation. The same factors that tied the western Pomeranians to the Baltic Slavs separated them from the Polish Slavs. Centered on maritime city-states, the seafaring Pomeranians were far more advanced in industry, trade, commerce, and culture. Some German historians are certain that Pomerania is an original and integral Serb land.2 One historian refers toPomerania as a primary
Sorbenland or Surpe-Sorbenland. Another German historian writes that the entire
Baltic coast to the Vistula, with the interior, was settled by Serb-Wends. Here too,
of course, evidence of Serb occupation and settlement is found in such place names as
Sarbia, Sarbinovo, and Sarbsko.Some measure of the importance and intensity of

seafaring trade in Pomerania is found in the fact that in the early 12th century Bishop Otto's missionary activities were sometimes thwarted by the fact that in one town after another, the natives were more at sea than at home:Thence we came to Colobrega,
which is situated, on the border of the sea. As nearly all its citizens were sailors
after the manner of traders to the outer islands to do business, those who were
found at home said that they could not adopt no new course in the absence of their
fellow-citizens, and on this ground they withstood the preaching of the gospel for
some time( C.H .R ob inson,T heL if e ofO ttoA postle ofPom erania 10 6 0 - 113 9 ,19 2 0 ).
CONVERSION
In fact, fear of their rivals in the northwest, theV eletian- Pom eranian alliance,
may have changed thecourse of Polish history( Z .Wojtiehowsk,Poczatki ChrzesäjanstwawPolsc e na
tie Stosunkov Niemiecko-Wieeckich, Zyde aM y sli3 /4,19 5 0 ).It appears that severed e fe a ts at the
hands of Veletian-Pomeranian forces in 963forced Mieszko to look for help against
the warlike pagans,convert to Christianity, and seek the assistance of Christian Bohemia

and other members ofChristiana respub lic a. Later, thec rusading im pulse that followed conversion will change the course of Polish history in another important way. Christian sources record and celebrate Duke Boleslav's III attacks on Pomerania in 1121 whenhe
ravaged the country west of the River Oder with fire and sword and announced his
intention of converting all the inhabitants to the Christian faith, or of destroying
them, in the event of their refusing to be converted.Polish knights will also take an

active role in serial crusades against pagans in Prussia and Lithuania. To their credit, however, Polish authorities were the first or among the first (e.g. the indictment of the Teutonic Order by Paul Vladimir, a Polish ambassador at the church council in 1415) to rebel against the plunder and slaughter of innocent and peaceful unbelievers who refused to bow to the Holy Roman Empire, to accept Papal servitude.
ZIEMIA KASZUBSKA
In Eastern Pomerania, theKaszubs(gens Slavonica, Caussbitae dicuntur) of
Ziemia Kaszubska, a distinct historic, linguistic, and cultural Pomeranian entity, one
findstraces of a Serb past in thePolishp resen t(H .K unstm ann,Woherdie Kaschube ihrenNam en
haben,DwS 2 9 ,19 8 4).In a region calledK aszubowSlowi nski ch, one finds a modern town
and lake with the Serb ethnonym, namelySarbske and Sarbske jezero, immediately
westof the better-known townand lakeof Lebaand Lebsko( ET etz ner, DieS low inz en und
Lebaskashcuben, 1899. L. Zablocki, O Slotvincach i Kaszubach nadlebskich, Jantar 3, 1947).
SILESIAIn early German sources one finds reference to Serbs in Silesia:Sirvi, welch in
Schlesien wohneten.Early and later German sources often identify Silesia as an im-
portant junction in the Serb settlementof Serbska Luzi ca or Lusatia. There is evidence
of Serb settlement in several place- names (e.g. Sarbino, Serby) and a Serb province or
Surbiensispro v i n ci acited in themid-1 0thc e n tu ry Silesian Annals(Annales Silesiae). It is
interesting that in this area theSilesian Annals also record a stubborn resistance to the
Latin rite and the defiant use of theS lav- H eneti language in church services:Slav i cae
sen henetae linguae usum ...in sacris eccleaisasticis... inibuitac latin lingua concipi
liturgiamprecesaquejussit.Several mountains in Silesia, Mts. Sobotka and Radunia,
were longn o to rio u s centers of pagan rituals. Referring to Mt. Sobotka, Bishop Thietmar
writes in the early 11th century:It was the object of great veneration on the part of all
the people because of its size and purpose, for iniquitous mysteries were celebrated
there. The following century finds Sileisia's Bishop of Wroclaw engaged in search-and-
destroy missions against pagan cult centers where wooden images of old gods were kept.
In the 19th century the pagan past was alive and well in such folk sayings as the one cited
by J.K ollar:Kto nanasuSobot kuneprigdze; roroka hoglavabolecbudze(H .Cehak-
Holubowicza, Olimp Slaska in Szkice z dziejow Slaska, 1955; Kamienne konstrukcje kultowe pod szczytem napolnocnym
sotku gory Slez, Swiatowit 23, 1960).
ENDNOTES
S. Kozierowski, Atlas nazw Geograficznych Slowianszczyzny Zachodnie, 1934; Badania nazw topograficznych
starej Wielkopolski, 1939. \K Taszycki, Najdawniezsze polski imiona osobowe, RoP 3, 1925.
L Quandt, Zur Urgeschichte der Pomoranen, BaL 22,1868. S. Kozierowski, Nazwy rzeczne w Lechji przybaltyckiej

i w przyleglych czesciah Slowianszcyzny polnocno-zachodniej, SIO 9, 1930. R. Kietsnowski, Plemiona Pomorz Zachodniego w swietle naj starsch zrodel pisanych, SlA 3, 1951-2. J. Dowiat, Ekspansja Pomorza zachodniego na ziemie wielecko-obodrzyckie w drugiej polowie XII wieku, PrZ 59, 1959. L. Leciejewicz, Poczatiki nadmorskich miast na Pomorzu Zachodnim, 1962. W! Losinski, Osadnictwo plemienne Pomorza (VI-X wiek), 1982.

 

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2. WHITE SERBIA
S

ome historians believe that prehistoric Poland's history is in part the history ofWhite Serbia. It is a matter of record that the Serb ethnonym was as common east of the Oder as it was in theWhite Serb heartland west of the
Oder. East of the Oder,1 oppositeSerbska Biota (Serb Marsh) and Serbska Hola (Serb
Heath) inSerbska Luzica (Serb Lusatia), one finds the place namesZorbenov,
Sarbinovo, Serbovand Sarby.
BORDERS

In his 10th century magnum opus, al-Masvudi writes: the Bobr, Elbe and Saale rivers mark the borders ofWhite Serbia (Muruj ahd-dhahab wa ma'adin aljawahir). One of the more authoritative modern studies, J. Marquart's outlinesWhite Serbia's borders in similar terms: from the Bobr in the east, across the Elbe, to the Saale in the west( O steuropaisc heS treiß uege,19 0 3 ). At its height, most historianste n dto placeWhi t e Serbi a's eastern borders deeper into later Polish territory. Gebhardt, for example, places Silesia and western Poland up to the Vistula withinWhite Serbia's 8th century borders(L. A.
Gebhardt, Geschichte aller Wendische-SlawischenS taaten,17 9 0 ).InH erkunf tderB altisc henWenden( 18 7 2 )

Quandt extendsWhite Serbia's borders in the east to includeWhite Serb concentra- tions at Opole, Poznan, Kaliscz and Gniezno.2 Noting the location of theSurpe Serbs recorded by Alfred the Great (871-899), Quandt is certain that the Serbs of Germania,
Vielkopolska and Opole/Silesia are one people:The Surpe are one and the same as
the Opolini and the people who live in Poznan, Kaliscz and Gniezno. It is interest-

ing and should be noted that in recent time, viewing the facts of the matter from an entirely different perspective, H. Kunstmann traces Opolin and Polin to Balkan Slav roots (Wer waren die Opolini des Geographus Bavarus Bavarus, und woher kommt das
Ethnonym Polonia? ).
TO THE BUG

Safarik and other noted Slavists are certain that at one timeWhite Serbia's borders reached the Bug and beyond. Some scholars are certain that the ancientBuz han i were originally Serbs. For example, the noted historian G. Krek writes:In ancient
times on the Bug were the Buzhani, a Slavic tribe, who were once called Serbs. A
large and powerful tribe comprising some 231c ities in the mid-9th century( B usani
habentc ivitatesCCX X X I),occupyingth e borderlands separating Poland fromW h ite
Rus, Red Rus and Kiev Rus, theBuz han i ('buzhane, zane sedosha po Bugu'), later, the
Volyni or Volynians ('poslezhe zhe velynane') occupied a large stretch of the river Bug.

OnBuz hi an territory, on the west bank of the Bug, was a region known asCz erv i a. Authoritative German and Polish historians, J. Marquart and J. Otrebski among oth- ers, suspect that theCz erv s ofCz erv i a wereS erbs. The well-known cities ofCz erv i a
('ziemia Grodov Czervienskich'), centered at Czervien, included Czervien, near Czermno

on the Huczwa, and the historic cities of Chelm and Volyn. It is perhaps interesting and coincidental that one of the lesser-known cities had the highly uncommon name of Sutieska or Sutjeska as in Sutjeska on the border of Bosnia and Montenegro.
BOIKI
Evidence in favor of this general area as an ancient Serb homeland and point of departure for Serbs moving westwards is found in a primary Byzantine source, namely Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus sDe A dm inistrando Im perio. Regarding the ori- gin of the Balkan Serbs, where the Serbs originally dwelt, Constantine writes:The Serbs
are descended from the unbaptized Serbs, also calledWhi t e, who lived beyond
Turkey [Hungary] in a place called by them Boiki, where the neighbor is Francia
(N. Zupanic, Bela Srbija, Narodna starina 1, 1922).
G ALICIA

Noting that Byzantine sources are often in error in matters beyond their imme- diate scope in time and space, some of the early Slav specialists, Safarik, Surowiecki, and other outstanding scholars, including the great Czech scholar Dobrovsky and the Croat F. Racki, are certain that Constantine's statement is in error regarding the loca- tion ofBo i ki . They believe that Constantine confused thederivative Serbs of Bohe- mianBo i ki with theoriginal Serbs of GalicianBo i ki ,the Bo i ki district of eastern Galicia, a territory believed to be an ancient and direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs.
BOIKI HIGHLANDERS

In modern timesBo i ki refers to a distinct Slavic community, Ukrainian high- landers who differ from their Slavic neighbors (e.g. Lemkos/Rusnaks, Hutsuls) in lan- guage, dress, architecture, and customs, and who have preserved many ancient customs and rituals that disappeared in other parts of Galicia and Ukraine. TheBo i ki region includes the High Beskid, the eastern part of the Middle Beskid, the Middle Carpathians, and the Carpathian Depression. In this area one finds the small towns of Borinia, Borislav, Dolina, Drogobich, Medenica, Nizhni Vorota, Stari Sambor, Stri, and Volove.
DUKLAIt is interesting and perhaps coincidental that in the Eastern Beskids, in the
Lemko region, theBo i ki border an area with the uncommon nameo fDukl a, centered
near the towno fDukl a, just north of the strategic Dukla Pass on the Polish-Czecho-
slovak border.Dukl aor Dukl j a, of course, is also the highly uncommon name of a
Serb nation that gave its name to the first Serb state, theD ukl j an i of medievalD ukl j a
(J. Udolph, Zu Deutung und Verbreitung des Namens Dukla, BnF 23, 1988; H. Kunstmann, Der Dukla-Name und
sein Weg von Montenegro über die Karpaten nach Nordwestrussland, DwS 33, 1988).
ENDNOTES

In addition to the several Serb dialects spoken east of the Oder, there are other interesting linguistic continuities (e.g. M. Gruchmanova, Luzycko-Wielkopolska Izomorfa Norn.- Acc.-Voc. PI. Dny, Z Polskich Studiow Slawistycznych 5, 1978.

Opole refers to the early medieval Duchy of Opole in Silesia, centered at Opole on the Oder River, said to have twenty cities in the mid-9'1' century(Opolini, civitates X X ). The name Opol is is Slavic word for a territorial community. Today Opol is the name of a city and county in southwestern Poland. W. Holubowicz, Opolu w wiekach X-XII, 1956. H. Borek, Opolszyzna w swietle nazw miejscowych, 1972.

3. FROM THE UNBAPTIZED SERBS
WHO DWELL ON THE RIVER VISLA
I

mpressive evidence that some of the Balkan Serbs originated in Poland is found inDe Administrando Imperio. In his treatise, Emperor Constantine Pophyrogenitus informs us that inZahumlja, a principality in coastal Serbia:The
family of the patrician Mihailo Visevich, son of Viseta, prince of the Zahumlyans,
came from the unbaptized Serbs who dwell on the river Visla and are called Litziki.
LITZIKIMost historians tend to agree with 319th century Polish historiography that the

nameL itz iki is derived fromlug, an Old Slav word for moor, marshland, pasture, woodland, and wasteland. Thus Lugizi, Ligizi, Litziki and other variations are parallel archaic names for theP olanie, a name derived from an Old Slav word with similar connotations. According to L. Niederle, however, it is more likely thatL itz iki is a ge- neric name for Poles, derived from one of the better known and westernmost Polish tribes/nations, theL ic ic aviki as in:Sclav i qui di cun tur L i ci cav i kiand lo n g i us deg en tes
barbari...L i ci cav i ki , bordering with Serb lands westof theOd e r( J . Widajewicz, Licicaviki
Widukina, SIO 6, 1927. G. Labuda, Licicaviki, SsS 3, 1967).
VIS, VISLA, VISEVIC, VISEVO

The patronymicVisevich certainly suggests aV is/V isla/V islani origin for the house of Visevich. In several place names in medievalZahumlja one finds toponymic evidence in favor of a Vislanian origin of other Serb lineages: e.g.V isevaz upa or county;
Viseva, a local name for the upper Neretva( T . Wasilewski, Administraja bizantynska naz iem iac h
skwianskich i jej polityka wobec Slowian w XI-XII w, KwA 70, 1973; Wislanska dynastia ijej zachlumskie panstwo w
IX-Xw,PaM 15, 1965).
CIVITATES OMNES ROMANOOS

Anti-Byzantine and pro-Bulgarian in orientation, a close ally of the very learned and powerul ruler of Bulgaria and champion of Slavdom, Tsar Simeon (893-927), seated at Preslav,Mi hai lo Visevich was a force in affairs beyond the borders of Zahumlja: In
the year 925 Pope John X invites Mihailo (Michaele exellentissimo duce
Chulmorum), along with Tomislav of Croatia, to take part in the resolution of
church affairs in Croatia-Dalmatia.
An inscription found at Ston suggests thatMi hai lo considered himself the su-
preme authority in the affairs of Byzantine towns along the Dalmatian coast:
MIHAELVS FORTITER SVPER REGO PACIFICO
CIVITATES OMNES ROMANOOS.
REX SCLAVORUM CIVITATEM SIPONTUM
Mihailo was also a force to be reckoned with on the opposite shore of the Adriatic,

on the Apulian spur of the Italian boot. Crossing the Adriatic, in 926Mihailo con- quered Byzantine Siponto, opening the way for greater Serb settlement in the Gargano peninsula.Comprendit Michael rex Sclavorum civitatem Sipontum.

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

SERBS CONTRA SERBS
Decade's later Serb settlements in southern Italy will lead toS erbs originating
in Illyria by way of Poland(?), fighting against invadingS erbs originating in Germania's
White Serbia. In the year 981, Serb forces recruited in southeastern Italy, reinforced
by some 40,000S erb mercenaries under the commandof Vukasin(4 0 ,0 0 0 pag an i
condotti dalloro reBuUicassinus), take an active role in the defense of Calabria against
the forces of Emperor Otto of Germany, includingS erb forces from Germania'sWhi t e
Serbiaand Serb knights serving in Otto's personal bodyguard.
ZUPAN GLUBISA
It appears that in some instances the Serbs survived as an independent national-
political community as late as the mid-11th century: When Serb zupans (e.g. zupan
Andreas, zupan Glubisa) are found at the head of a number of communities in the
Gargano area (e.g. Devia, Varano) where natives with Serb personal names are re-
corded (e.g. Drago, Radovit).In this general area one finds numerous references to
Slavic settlements in family names (e.g. Scavone, Schiavone, Cito, Pribo, Pissichio,
Stano), in village names (e.g. Castellucium de Slavis, L esin, Peschici, Schiavt),a n d
toponyms (e.g.rione degli Schiavonia, Monte Schiavoni, Ponte degli Schiavoni,
Schiauni, Ponte Schiavo, Piano Schiavt).^
SRBLYI, POLES

One moment in the second half of the 14th century makes it very clear that the Bosnian Serbs believed that the Serbs and Poles were one people, who, sharing a com- mon ancestry, had an obligation to assist one another in times of trouble, in this in- stance, the Turkish threat.
KRAL SERBLEM
In 1440, Stevan Tvrtko II (1440-43), King of Bosnia and all the Serbs
(MILOSTYU BOZHNOM MI GOSPODIN KRAL SERBLEM) asserting a common
ancestry, language and interest, sought assistance from the newly elected Slavic king of
Hungary, the Pole Vladislav Varnecik (1440-1444).
ISTI PRADJEDOVI

The letter and spirit of this earlyP an- S lav moment are a matter of historical record. Contemporaneous Hungarian sources offer a clear statement of the thesis ad- vanced by Stevan Tvrkto's emissaries to Vladislav's court at Budim, namely the com- mon ancestry of the Poles and Serbs(Srbly i ). A Croat translation of the Latin original reads as followsodje i od kralja bosanskoga sjajne poslanstvo odlicnih muzeva.

Ovi su izpricavsi porietlo svoga plemena izticali, da su Bosnjakom isti pradjedovi bili, koji i Poljakom, te da im je zajednicki jezik, koji govore; i da se radi te rek bi srodnosti jezika i porietla njihov kralj zivo raduje, sto je Vladislav—kako se pronio
glas—sretan u svojih podhvatih. Mongo su nadalje izticali priliku, kako bi se radi
srodnosti i susjedstva mogli, dapace i morali ujedinjenom snagom i savjetom medju
sobom pomagati proti uzasnomu zulumu turskomu, koji im prieti. Osim toga
zatrazise, da se ugovor i prijateljstvo, koje su svi dotadanji kraljevi najvecom svetoscu
postivali i cuvali, medju Bosnom i Ugarskom ili sklopi ili obnovi. Poslanikom bi
milostivo odgovoreno: da je pravo, sto se uspjeh i i napredak Vladislavov njihovu kralju svidja, toll radi onoga srodstva jezika i porietla, koje spominju, koli radi

toga, sto je jednim i drugim malo ne jednako do toga, da se sto prije sva Ugarska umiri te krjepkimi silatni proti zajednickomu dusmaninu vojna povede. Zatitn im zahvalise, sto je njihov kralj sam obrekao, da ce u zgodan cas pomagati Ugarskoj proti Turkom i zborom i tvorom, pa ih obodrise, neka bi kralj do kraja uztrajao u
tojnamisli.Napokon bjeugovormedjukraljevi ikraljevinamiutvrdjen( VK laic ,
Povijest Bosna: Do Propoasti Kraljevstva, 1882).
MORE TURKISH THAN THE TURKS

In fact, of course, then and later, the Polish moment in Bosnia's affairs are far from fraternal. Polish knights take part in serial crusades against the good Christians of Bosnia. Centuries later, Poles serving in Ottoman and Austrian occupation armies and administrations are notorious for their hostility to the native population. An 1877 incident recorded in Pristina perhaps captures the letter and spirit of the Polish mo-
ment:The books at Prishtina were from Belgrade, but as they seemed only to have
chitankas adapted for the youngest children, we asked if they had not some histo-
ries of Serbia. The master looked furtively around, and then said that he had some,
butdared not to usethemopenly."Why not?"" B ec ause theo ffi cers of theT urki sh
regimentsf req uen t l y comean d lollabo ut in ourscho o l, and the cavalryo ffi cersare
often Hungarians,C o ssackso r Poles,an d ean readt he Slavic books.""Butthesedr y
histories contain nothing revolutionary, and surely the officers who are your fel-
low Christians would not wish to caluminate you.""The rest would not, but the

Poles are more Turkish than the Turks themselves. One day a Polish officer looked over the shoulder of one of the children, and called out: 'Holla, master! What do I see here? These books come from the principality [Serbia], and here is something about the history of Serbia. If I catch you at this again, I shall report you to the authorities'. I trembled from head to foot and knew not what I would say or do; but luckily there was also present a Cossack, a deserter from the Russian service, a good man who always befriended us; he got the Pole out of the room, and said to him in displeasure that they were not sent to Prishtina to meddle with the Serb school( G .
Muir Mackenzie, A. P. Irby, The Slavonic Provinces of Turkey in Europe, 1877).
THE BLACK POPE

In World War II, it should be noted, Moslem leaders placed the blame for the crusading war and genocide against the Serbs and the chaos in Bosnia squarely on the shoulders of the Austro-Polish 'Black Pope,' Wladimir Ledochowski, Superior General of the Jesuits, who, perhaps inspired byd eran g ed visions of adi v i n e Polish mission, appears to have supported a Roman Catholic crusade againstsc hi sm at i c s in eastern and southeastern Europe.
ENDNOTES
M. Resetar, Die serbokoratischen Kolonien Suditaliens, 1911. G. Reichenkron, Serbokroatisches aus Suditalien,
ZsP, 12, 1934. G. Rohlfs, Ignore colonie slave sulle coste del Gargano, CeR 3, 1958. M. Hraste, Nepoznate
slavenske kolonije na obalama Gargana, Kolo Matice hrvatske, 1963. G. Rohlfs, Slavische Kolonisation in Suditalien,
SuD 29,1 9 70

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

BOISKI SERBS?
In 432 or 433, Priscus writes: a Hunnish ruler ... intending to go to war with
die Amilzouri, Itimari, Tonosours, Boiski and other races dwelling on the Danube
and who had taken refuge in a Roman alliance. Some scholars suspect that some of
the nations so-named are Slavs, perhaps Serbs, namely theAl-mizuri, Milcani Serbs; the
Tono-sursi, Surs-Serbs; the Iti-mari, Moravi Serbs; the Boiski, Boiski Serbs, Emperor
Constantine VII's Boiki Serbs.
STRAVA
Priscus' account of his visit to Attila's camp in Pannonia also reveals strongs Slavic
traces in the personal names, food, drink, and customs of the Huns and their Scythian
allies: millet//>rar0; honey/medos; funeral feast/strava). Especially striking is the Slavic funeral
ceremony or Strava following Attila's death in 454: After he had been mourned
with such lamentations they celebrated a 'Strava' as they call it, over his tomb with
great revelry, coupling opposite extremes of feeling in turn among themselves.
A SLAVIC TRIBE
C.D. Gordon's authoritative translation and commentary on 5th century Greek
historians gives important information on the Sciri or Scyri, a Slavic tribe, once part
of die Hunnish empire (The Age ofAttila, i960). We learn that: 1) The Sciri, who had
settled in Lower Moesia on the Danube, were a power in Pannonia where they were
in more or less constant conflict with the Goths; 2) the Sciri played an important role
in the Western armies commanded by Ricimer [appointed commander of imperial
armies by emperor Avitus] and his successors; 3) the Sciri formed an important
part of Odovacar's army in his final conquest of Italy; 4) Odovacar, the first barbarian
king of Italy, either sprang from the race of Thuringi on his father's side and the
Sciri on his mother's side, according to one account, or he was of the nation of the
Scyri, according to another.

[Sea of Azov], stretch northward a distance of fifteen days journey.Polybius locates
Sarmafia in thePonto-C aspiansteppe( H istona). Ptolemy'sS arm atia is animmensearea

bounded by the Vistulaand Volga rivers and the Balticand Black seas( GeographikeH y phegesis). Pomponius Mela givesS arm atia a European orientation, namely the lands east of the Elbeand northof the Danube( DeS ituO rb is).
SARMATS
Similarly,S arm at orS arm atae (also Sarabatiae, Sauromatae, Syrmatae, and
Sermende among others) succeeds Scythor Scythae more often than not as a learned

archaism for the Slavs (e.g.Sarmatae Sclavi). Pliny, Tacitus and Ptolemy refer to the Slavs on the Vendic/Baltic Sea and the Vistula River as Sarmats. Ptolemy, for example, writes:H abi t an t Sarm at i am g en t es m ax i m ae Ven ed aepro pt ert o t um Ven ed i cum si n um ;
Minores autem gentes Sarmatiam incolunt iuxta Visutalam infra Venedas Gythanes.
Mela locatesS arm atia east of Germania:G erm an i ad Sarm at as po rri g un t ur. Precisely
whereGerm ania ends andS arm atia begins, however, was a matter of some confusion. In
De Origine et Situ Germanorum (A.D. 98), a somewhat garbled description of the vari-
ous tribes west of the Rhine and north of the Danube, believed to be based largely on
out-of-date material, Tacitus is not sure whether some nations wereGerm ans orS arm ats.
Here Suebia ends. I am not sure whether the tribes of the Peucini, Veneti should
be assigned to the Teutons or to the Sarmatians ... The Venedi have adopted many
Sarmatian habits; for their plundering takes them over all the wooded and moun-
tainous highlands that lie between the Peucini and the Fenni. Nevertheless, they
are one the whole to be classed as Germans; for they have settled homes, carry
shields, and are fond of traveling—and travelling as—on foot, differing in all
these respects from the Sarmatians.
SUEBI
It is important to note that theS uebi , who occupy Germania's heartland, are also
a problem of sorts for Tacitus. TheS uebi , Tacitus writes,do not constitute a single
nation. They occupy more than half Germany, and are divided into a number of
separate tribes under different names, though all are called by the generic name
Suebi.In the early 1820s, D. Popp was one of the first German historians to identify
Tacitus'S uebi with the Slavs.


NOT ALL SARMATIANS
At the same time it was clear to ancient and modern historians thatS arm at and
Sarmatia4 referred to an immense area inhabited by numerous and different nations,
Slavs and others. In the succinct words of one scholar: All Slavs are Sarmatians, but all
Sarmatians are not Slavs.

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

2. ILLYRIA, DALMATIA
I

n opposition to a northeast-southwest Slav invasion/settlement thesis, a contrary position has evolved in German historical scholarship—that the Slavs of Germany, Poland, and bordering lands originated in Serb lands between the Danube and the
Adriatic, namely the former Roman provinces of Illyria and Dalmatia.1
THE ILLYRIA / DALMATIA THESIS

In terms of the Serb-Wend settlement of Germania, the Illyria/Dalmatia thesis has deep roots in German historical scholarship, dating from C. Schottgen and G. Keysig in the early 18th century to H. Kunstmann in the late 20th century.
ORIGINATED IN SARMATIA

Schottgen and Kreysig find no fault with the notion that Germania's Serb-Wends originated in Sarmatia, in an area between the Volga, the Caucasus, and the Sea of Azov. However, they find fault with the favored notion that the Serb-Wends entered Germania from the north and east. They absolutely reject the views of such writers as T.
Segerus: What, I ask, is more obvious and certain than that the Serbs from Misin/
Meissenestabli shedtheki ngdoms ofSlavoni a andSerbi a i nIllyri a?(T .S egerus,DeS lavis
etLecho, 1725).
FROM THE SOUTH

In fact, they write, the evidence is clear that the exact opposite is true: (1) the Serb-Wends did not enter Germania from the northby way of Prussia and Pomerania; (2) the Serb-Wends entered Germania from the south, from Illyria,by way of Moravia
and Czechia^ (3) the Serb-Wends of Germania did not establish Serb kingdoms in
Illyria; (4) the Illyrian Serbs migrated to, settled in, and established the Serb-Wend
kingdomsofme di e va lG ermani a( C.S c hongen, G.K rey sig,Diplom atisc heun dC uri euse Nac hlehre der
Historicvon Ober-Sachsenund antgrentzendenlanden,17 3 0 ).ThemanyOnomasti c,li n gui st i c , a n d
cultural parallels between the original Illyrian Serb lands and the derivative Germania
Serb-Wend lands, they write, are simply too great to have it any other way.
H. KUNSTMANN

One of the foremost exponents of this thesis in modern times is the renowned German Slavist, H. Kunstmann. His broad, deep, and exhaustive research has led him to suspect that (1) the Slavs of Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, Russia and neighbor- ing lands originated in the Balkans, mainly Illyria/Dalmatia; that (2) the ethnonyms, ruling dynasties, place names, hydronyms and toponyms in West Slav and East Slav lands often can be traced to Slavic and slavicized roots in Illyria and bordering lands.

Over several decades, in a series of always interesting and often provacative ar- ticles, Kunstmann has tirelessly advanced the onomastic, linguistic, textual, and other evidence in support of his thesis. While his views, in the order of suggestive and explor- ative inquiries, have not gained general acceptance, Kunstmann is not a minority of one. In fact, his views have varying degrees of general and specific support at the high- est levels of historical and linguistic scholarship. ANCIENT CENTER OF CIVILIZATION IN EUROPE
Even the most learned, authoritative, and compelling advocates of a Near East
origin of Indo-Europeans, V.V. Ivanov and T.V. Gamkrelidze, make certain concessions
to the Danubia thesis(The MigrationofT rib es Speakingthe Indo-European Dialectsf rom their Original
Homeland in the Middle Eastto their Historical Habitationsin Eurasia, InD 13, 1985).Theya d m i t(1) th a t

the Balkan area was the most ancient center of civilization in Europe; and (2) that the picture of the original Proto-Indo-European landscape derived from the linguistic re- construction of the proto-language rules out Central and Eastern Europe, excepting southeastern Europe.
ONE OF SEVERAL POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
In response to Diakonov s critique, they go so far as to write: Actually, Diakonov's
alternative, the Balkano-Carpathian hypothesis, is merely one of several possible
solutions within our hypothesis on the original homeland. We reconstruct a wider
area—from the Balkans to Iran and southern Turkmenia—as the expanse within
which the Indo-European original homeland might have been located in a definite
territory (TV. Gamkrelidze, V.V. Ivanov,T he Problem of the Original Homeland of theS peakers of Indo-European
Languages in Response to I.M. Diakonov's Article, InD 13, 1985).
ORIGINATED IN DANUBIA-PANNONIA

The following are some of the supportive points found in the works of distin- guished linguists, historians and Slavists: (1) The Slavs originated in Danubia-Pannonia; (2) Not all Slavs migrated northward from the Danube, some remained (thus the dense Slavic population and Slavic toponymy, the antiquity of Slavic waternames in pre-Hun- garian Pannonia-Danubia), others migrated south; (3) The Balkan South Slavs origi- nated in Pannonia-Danubia; (4) The Eastern Slavs originated in the south; (5) Place names and ethnonyms with apparent Balkan roots are found throughout Slavdom (e.g.
Daksa, an island in the Adriatic, Doksy, in Czechoslovakia; Dukla, a mountain pass in
the Carpathians,D u k lja , in Montenegro;L ic ic a v ik i, a Slavic tribe in western Poland,
*Liccavici in Illyria).

With regard to Germania, it should be noted that one of the greatest names in modern German Slavistics, J. Herrmann, concedes a possible connection between the great numbers of Serbs recorded in middle Danubia and along the Byzantine frontier in the 6th century and Serb settlements in Germania:Es ist... warscheinlich, dass aus
dem Stamm der Serben/Sorben, der am Ende des 6 Jh. im mitteleren Donaugebiet
an den Grenzen von Byzanz stand und der sich mit dan Awaren auseinanderzusetzen
hatte,ei nTeilausschi ed undnordwärtswanderte(J .H errm ann,DieSlawen inDeutsc hland:
Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stamme westlich von Oder und Niesse vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert, 1985).
ENDNOTES
' All attempts to traceA lban i a andA l ban i an roots to ancientI lly ri a andlUy ri an s run contary to the first and last
words of authoritative scholarship. On this subject, V. I. Georgiev, for example, perhaps the single greatest author-
ity on ancient Balkan linguistics and onomastics, writes:But many linguists and historians ... have put forward

very important considerations indicating that the Albanians cannot be autochthonic in present-day Alba- nia; that their original home was the eastern part of Mysia Superior, or approximately Dardania and Dacia Mediterranea, i.e., the northern central region of the Balkan peninsula, and part of Dacia. However, since it has become clear that Daco-Mysian and Thracian represent two different IE languages, the problem of the origin of the Albanian language and the Albanians themselves appears in a new light. The most important facts and considerations for determining the original habitat of the Albanians are the following: (a) The Illyrian toponyms known from antiquity, e.g. Skhoder from the ancient Scodra (Livius), Tomor from Tomaros (Strabo, Pliny, etc.), have not been directly inherited in Albanian: the contemporary form of these names do not correspond to the phonological laws of Albanian. The same also applies to the ancient toponyms of Latin origin in this region, (b) The most ancient loanwords from Latin in Albanian have the phonetic form of Eastern Balkan Latin, i.e., of proto-Rumanian, and not of Western Balkan Latin, i.e., of Old Dalmatian Latin. Albanian therefore, did not take its borrowings from Vulgar Latin as spoken in Illyria. (c) The Adriatic coast was not part of the original homeland of the Albanians because the maritime terminology of Albanian is not their own but borrowed from different languages, (d) Another indication against local Albanian ori- gin is the insignificant number of ancient Greek loanwords in Albanian. If the earliest habitat of the Alba- nians had been Albania itself, the Albanian language would have to have many more ancient Greek loanwords. (e) Another indication against local Albanian origin is the insignificant number of ancient Greek loanwords in Albanian. If the earliest habitat of the Albanians had been Albania itself, the Albanian language would have to have many more ancient Greek loanwords, (f) TheU rheim at of the Albanians must have been near that of the proto-Rumanians. The oldest Latin elements in Albanian come from proto-Rumanian, i.e., Eastern Balkan Latin, and not from Dalmatian, i.e., Western Balkan Latin that was spoken in Illyria ... The agreement in the treatment of Latin words in Rumanian and in Albanian shows that Albanian developed from the 4th to the 6th century where proto-Rumanian was taking shape, (g) Rumanian possesses about a hundred words which have their correspondence only in Albanian. The form of these Rumanian words is so peculiar that they cannot be explained as borrowings from Albanian. This reflects the Dacian substratum in Rumanian, whereas the Albanian correspondences are inherited from Daco-Mysian (V. I. Georgiev, The
Earliest Ethnological Situation of the Balkan Peninsula as Evidenced by Linguistic and Onomastic Data, Aspects of
the Balkans: Continuity and Change, 1972).Illyria, D

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

3. REGNUM SLAVORUM
B
efore we briefly review Kunstmann's articles on the subject, in order to
better understand Kunstmann's references to Serb lands south of the
Danube, to historic Serb lands in Illyria/Dalmatia, a brief review of the histori-
cal record is necessary.
1. DE ADMI NI STRANDO IMPERIO
Compiled by Emperor Constantine Pophyrogenitus VII (905-959),D e
Administrando Imperio is an authoritative source of political, geographic, and demo-
graphic information about Serb states in maritime and interior Dalmatia.
MARITIME SERBIA
Four Serb states are located in maritime Serbia/Dalmatia: Pagania, Zachlumia,
Terbounia-Kanali, and Dioclea/Duklja.
MARITIME STATES
Regarding the Serb antecedents and borders of the maritime states, Constantine
gives the following information.
PAGAN!

These same Pagani are descended from the unbaptized Serbs . . . The Pagani are so called because they did not accept baptism when all the Serbs were baptized ... From the river Orontius (Neretva) begins Pagania and stretches as far as the river Zentina (Cetina) ... Also they possess these islands: the large island of Kourka or Kilter (Korcula); another large island, Meleta or Malozeatai (Mljet); another large island, Phara (Hvar); another large island, Bratzis (Brae).1
ZACHLUMI

The Zachlumi are Serbs... They were called Zachlumi from a so-called mount Chlumo, and indeed in the tongue of the Slavs 'Zachlumi' means 'behind the moun- tain' ... From Ragusa begins the domain of the Zachlumi amd stretches along as far as the river Orontius; and on the side of the coast it is neighbor to the Pagani, but on the side of the mountain country it is neighbor to the Croats on the north and to Serbia at the front.
TERBOUNITES, KANALITES

The country of the Terbounites and the Kanalites is one. The country of Kanali is subordinate to Terbounia. The inhabitants are descended from the un- baptized Serbs ... The princes of Terbounia have always been at the command of the prince of Serbia ... From the city of Decatera (Kotor) begins the domain of Terbounia and stretches along as far as Ragusa and on the side of the mountain country it is neighbor to Serbia.
DIOCLEA
Dioclea gets its name from the city in the country that the emperor Diocletian
founded, but now it is a deserted city, though still called Dioclea. Dioclea is neigh bor to the forts of Dyrrachium (Serb Drac) ... and comes up as far as Decatera, and
on the side of the mountain country it is neighbor to Serbia. In the country of
Dioclea are the large and inhabited cities of Gradetai, Nougrade, Lontodokla.
SERBIA-BOSNIA
One Serb state is located in interior Serbia/Dalmatia: Serbia-Bosnia:B aptized

Serbia with its inhabited cities of Destinikon, Tzernabouskei, Medyretous, Dresneik, Lenik, Salines (Soli/Tuzla); and in the territory of Bosnia, Katera and Desnik ... For the country of Serbia is at the front of all the rest of the countries, but on the north is neighbor to Croatia, and on the south Bulgaria.2
2. PRESBYTERIA DIOCLEATIS REGNUM SLAVORUM
Presbyteria Diocleatis Regnum Slavorum, better known as Ljetopis Popa Dukljanina
(The Chronicle of Reverend Dukljanin), a late 12th century chronicle is the earliest native
source of early medieval history.
EX SCLAVONICA LITTERA

According toR everend Dukljanin, actually an anonymous Roman Catholic priest from Bar, the Chronicle is a compilation of historic facts that were a matter of common knowledge, translated from the original Slavic into the Latin(ex sclavonica littera
verteram in L atinam). In spite of the fact that some parts are obviously more legend

than fact (e.g. the arrival of the father of the nation), that some parts are colored by certain cycles common to medieval chronicles (e.g. the conversion of the nation to Christianity; the role of the Church in the organization of the kingdom, in the corona- tion of kings), it remains an invaluable source of information. More than once, modern critics have been forced to take a step or two back. In the past, for example, editors routinely dismissed a reference toT em plana, said to be an area settled by Oistrolo, the father of the nation, as a matter of legend or imagination. Recent scholarship, however, has revealed that the area around Skadar, a capital city, was at one time known as
Teplanaor Templana, and known as such as late as the mid- 18th century. In an August
25, 1736, report to Rome, for example, Bishop Antonio Vladagni writes: I popoli de
Scuttari come Teplana, ehe consiste in case Cattoliche.
ALL OF DALMATIA
The ancient Slavs, pagan and barbarian, led byOi strolo, Dukljanin writes,con-
quered all of Dalmatia, including the coast and the highlands.Settling in Duklja,
Oistrolo establishes the house of Oistrolovic, a line that will rule without interruption
into the mid-12th century.
KINGDOM OF DUKLJA-DALMATIA

On the coast, the kingdom runs fromVi nodol in the north toDrac in the south, inland, from the Sava and Danube rivers in the north to theAdriatic in the south.
DUKLJA
Duklja is the absolute center of the kingdom. From Duklja, the house of
Oistrolovic will send brothers, sons, and kin to govern the constituent provinces LAKE SKADAR

Duklja itself is centered in the territory surrounding Lake Skadar, anchored at Duklja, Skadar, and Bar, with strong fortification on its flanks at Koplik and Oblik, with favored residences, monasteries and churches on thin strips of land running along both sides of Mt. Rumija.
HEARTLAND

In this heartland national assemblies are held, kings are crowned, royal resi- dences are established, and royal families are buried (e.g. Church of St. Andrew, Papratna; Church of St. George, Bar; Church of St. Mary, Duklja; Church of St. Mary, Krajina; Church of St. Sergius, Bojana).
CHRISTIANITY

With the advice of St. Cyril, King Svetopelek( rexst an ct i ssi m us) brings Chris- tianity to the Slavs of Dalmatia. At a great national assembly held on the plain of Dalma, Svetopelek establishes two archbishoprics in Dalmatia: one in Solin, the other in Duklja.
ARCHBISHOPRIC OF SOLIN
The archbishopric of Solin includes the bishoprics of Split, Trogir, Skradin,
Zadar, Nin, Rab, Osor, Krk and Epidaur.
ARCHBISHOPRIC OF DUKLJA
The archbishopric of Duklja includes the bishoprics of Bar, Budva, Kotor, Ulcinj,
Svac, Skadar, Drivast, Pulat, Serbia, Bosnia, Travunia, and Zahumlja.
PRIMORJE, ZAGORJE
In a manner consistent with ancient boundaries and notions, Svetopelek also
reorganizes his kingdom. In the first instance, he divides the kingdom into two basic
partsrimorje or Maritime Dalmatia and Serbia or Zagorje/Interior Dalmatia.
Primorje includes lands crossed by rivers flowing into the Adriatic, Zagorje, lands
crossed by rivers flowing into the Danube.
PRIMORJE
Primorje is made up of two parts:Lower Dalmatia(Dalmatia inferior), from
Vinodol to Omis, and Upper Dalmatia(Dalmatia superior), from Omis to Drac.
ZAGORJE
Zagorje is also made up of two parts:Bosnia, from the Drina -west to the
Pinna mountains, and Raska, from the Drina east to the Lab and Sitnica rivers.
DUBROVNIK

Dubrovnik is a new city inP rimorje. It was founded by Pavlimir, grandson of exiled king Radoslav of Duklja. Returning to Dalmatia, Pavlimir lands near Gruz and Ombla, where, his ranks swelled by loyalists from Travunia and Hum, he establishes a fortified settlement. The mainland was settled by Serbs and called Dubrovnik, from the Serb wordsdub (oak) anddub rava (oak grove).

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

ANNALES RAGUSINI ANONYMI
Three hundred years later, the first Dubrovnik chronicle, Annales Ragusini
Anonymi, restates Dukljanin's account of the origin of Dubrovnik. The same is true of
the first serious history of Dubrovnik,Com m entaries by L. Crijevic (1459-1521). In-
deed, Crijevic acknowledges Dukljanin as his primary source( seq uent inprim is Dioc leatem
auctorem). In fact, Crijevic's words on the founding of Dubrovnik are a restatement of

Dukljanin's account: The city's founding by Pavlimir, called Belo, a nephew of King Ratislav, who Crijevic tells us, establishes the city's civil and ecclesiastic foundations, organizes a senate to govern, with equal representation for its Slav founders and Roman refugees from Epidaurus, and, with Rome's approval, creates the See of Dubrovnik and appoints its first archbishop.
RAGUSA

Roman refugees from Epidaurus were given a rocky, seaward ridge to settle, actually an island divided from the mainland by a marshy channel. This part was called Lausion, fromlau, the Greek word for precipice, then Rausion, Rausa, Ragusium and, finally, Ragusa. In the second half of the 12th century the channel was filled in to form the physically unified city of Ragusa-Dubrovnik. In this context, the termR om an refers to the Latin- and Greek-speaking population originating in the Byzantine admin- istration of the coastal cities and towns of Dalmatia. In its first centuries the city's territory was limited to a narrow belt along its mainland walls, a thin coastal strip in Gruz, and several offshore islands. From this microscopic space, the city expands by way of grants from and sales by neighboring Serb rulers (e.g. Rijeka, Zaton, Poljica, Zrnovica, Sumeta, Rijeka Dubrovacka, the islands of Mjljet, Lastovo, Sipan, the Peljesac peninsula (including Ston), Slansko Primorje, Konavli).Radoslavus ofDuklja is one of the earliest donors to the Benedictine monastery on the offshore island of Lokum.
Branislav, a contender for the crown of Duklja, and his brothersG rad i slavand

Predislav are buried there. In the 11th century, Branislav'snem esis, King Bodin of Duklja, builds a fortress at Prijeki, the city's oldest district, where, later, his vassal, Stephanus dux Bossiane, builds the Church of St. Nicholas.
3. ILLYRIA SACRUM
Illyria Sacrum is a massive eight-volume history of the Church in Illyria pre-

pared in the 18th and 19th centuries by three Italian Jesuits, Filipo Riceputi, Daniele Farlati and Jacobo Coleti. Following service as Venetian army chaplain in Dalmatia, Riceputi saw the need for a history of the Church in the lands of ancient Illyria. Re- turning to Rome in 1720, he submitted an outline draft to the Church rospec tus
Illyrici sacri suisu historiam describendian typisque mandamum suscipit P. Fi. Receputi.

With the encouragement and support of Pope Clement XI and his successors, Riceputi's project was soon a work in progress. Illyria Sacrum is based on some 300 volumes of raw source materials collected over a twenty-year period. The first seven volumes were published under the name of one of the Jesuit scholars, Farlati, who edited the first five volumes. The first volume was published in 1751 and the eighth in 1819. The first two volumes cover the early history of the Church in Dalmatia. Volumes three and four are a history of the bishopric of Split and its suffragan; volume five, the bishopric of Zadar and its suffragan; volume six, the bishopric of Dubrovnik and its suffragans; volume seven, the bishoprics ofDuklja, Bar and Drac; volume eight, a history of the Church in Serbia and Bulgaria.
TWO SERBIAS
Historically speaking,Farlati writes, there are two Serbias.
PRIMORJE
One Serbia is Primorje or Maritime Serbia.
SERBLIAE MARITMAE
Maritime Serbia is also called Upper Dalmatia: Superioris Dalmatiae, idest
Serbliae maritmae.
SERBLIA MEDITERANEA
On occasion Farlati uses the term Mediterranean Serbia(Serblia mediteranea)
for Maritime Serbia (Serblia mediteranea; turn mediterraneos... turn maritimo, qui
Dalmatiam superioris incolebant).
NERETVA, ZAHUMLJA, TRAVUNIA, DUKLJA
Beginning at the Cetina River(Serblia pars Dalmatiae cisalpinae orientalis
adZentinafere initum duciti),Maritime Serbia is made up of Neretvania, Zahumlja,
Travunia-Konavlja, and Duklja.
PRIMORDIJA
In royal titles, Farlati notes,Maritime Serbia is sometimes calledPri m o rdi ja,
the national and political heartland of the Serbs.
In the 15th century one finds Primordija in the title of King Stefan Tomash
(1443-61): Nos Stephanus Thomas Dei gratia Rasciae, Serviae, Bosnensium sive
Illyriocorum, Primordiae, Dalmatiae. Also in the title of his son and successor, King
Stefan Tomashevich (1461-63):In nominae et individua Trinitatis Stepphanus
Thomassevich Dei Gratia Russia, Srviae, Bosnensium, sue Illyriocorum, Primordiae,
seu Maritmae, partiumque Dalmatiae.
HI OMNES SERBLI ERANT
Neretvans, Zahumljans, Travunians-Konavlians, Dukljans, all are Serbs:Hi o m n es
Serbli erant.
NERETVANS: GENS SERBICA
The fierce Serbs of Neretva(gens Serbicaferox immitis), Farlati writes, were at
the head of the Serb march to statehood(Haec erat una e quatorzupaniis, e quibus
regnum Serbliae maritimae constabat).
PATERNUM SERBLIAE REGNUM
From Neretva power passes to Zahumlja(g en s Serblo rum ) to Travunia-Trebinje
(suamque et regni Serbliani sedem in eadem urbe constituit), where Pavlmir begins

his recovery of the kingdom (ut avitum regnum recuperaret) to Duklja, the historic center of the Serb kingdom(paternum Serbliae regnum), where a Serb Church is established with jurisdiction over Bar, Budva, Kotor, Ulcinj, Svac, Skadar, Drivast, Pulat, Serbia, Bosnia, Travunia and Zahumlja/Neretvania.
KRAJINA
Following Zahumlja's annexation of Neretva, the coastal land between the Centina
and Neretva rivers is called Krajina,quae olim ad regnum Serbliae pertinebat.
DUKEDOMOFST.SAVA, HERCEGOVINA
Later, Farlati writes,that part of Maritime Serbia, which from the Cetina
runs eastward, including Uppper Dalmatia, is called the Dukedom of St. Sava or
Hercegovina.
ZAGORJE
The other Serbia is Zagorje or Interior Serbia.Zagorje is made up of two parts,
Bosnia and Rascia/Raska(partes Serbliae).
BOSNIABosnia(pars Serbliae), Farlati writes, like Raska, is a Serb land, an original
and integral part of Zagorja or Interior Serbia.
SERBIA, RASCIA
Some, Farlati writes,consider the names Serbia and Rascia (Raska) to be one
and the same. This is not true. Rascia cannot be equated with Serbia, nor Serbia
with Rascia. Rascia is only one part of Serbia(pars Serbliae). This confusion, Farlati
explains, is probably due to the fact that the Rascian liturgy is used in both Serbia and
Rascia.
4. SERBIA-BOSNIA
Throughout history there has never been any doubt or question about Bosnia's
national-political status. The historical record is clear and consistent from beginning to
end:Bosnia is an original and integral part of Serbia.
JOHN KINNAMOS

A mid- 12th century Byzantine historian, John Kinnamos, served as secretary to the long reigning Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180). A brilliant and gifted writer, with a special interest in military matters, Kinnamos is most admired for his objectivity, scrupulousness and straightforward account of political-military affairs. In his account of Emperor Manuel's campaign against Rascia in 1150, Kinnamos writes:
The Drina river separates Bosnia from the rest of Serbia. Bosnia is not subordinate
to the archzupan of the Serbs and the people there have their own ways and admin-
istration( Chnnikai).Somef o u r or five years later, in his accountof a Byzantine-Hungar-
ian battle near Branicevo, Kinnamos writes:On learning that Boric, exarch of the
Serb land of Bosnia, was an ally of the Hungarians ... the Emperor gathered his
bravest troops and sent them against Boric.

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

BATTAGLIA BOSNESI E GRAN TURCO
That Bosnia and Serbia were one and the same, that Bosnians were Serbs and
Serbs were Bosnians, is perhaps confirmed in the most absolute and delightful terms by a Dubrovnik source, an important source of record for Serb affairs, for the battle of
Kosovo:1389. Adi 15giurgno, ingiorno di Santo Vito, efo martedi,fu battaglia tra

Bosnesi e Gran Turco, li quali Bosnesi furono Despot L azar Re di Bosna, et Vuch Brankovich, et Vlatcho Vuchovich Voivoda; etßigran ocisione tanto de Turchi, quanta de Bosnesi, etpochi tornono in suopaese. EtZarMurat e amazato et Re de Bosna; et la vittoria non se ha dato, ne a Turchi, ne a Bosnesi, perche fur gran ocisione. Et
fur le lebat t ag lt O inK OSOVOpo lje( A nnalesragusiniA nony m i).
GIOVANI LUCIO (IVAN LUCIC)

Giovani Lucio/Ivan Lucic (1604-79), a native of Trogir, born to an old and noble Italo-Dalmatian family, after extensive studies at home and abroad (e.g. humani- ties at Rome, law at Padua), returned to Trogir in 1625 where he dedicated himself to document and record for posterity the history of Trogir, Dalmatia, and Croatia. Lucio's magnum opus, De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae Libri Rex (1655), the first modern history of Dalmatia and Croatia, was based on an exhaustive, thorough, and critical examination of Dalmatian, Croatian, Italian, and Vatican sources, of public, private, civil and ecclesiastic archives and papers no longer available. Since he found no basis for equivocation in fact, commentary or opinion in his research, Lucio has no difficulty of any sort in placing Bosnia in its proper national-political context. In Chapter III,
Dei Rei de Bosnia e di do ch'essi tentarono in Dalmazia e in Croazia, Lucio's first words
are:Serbia is divided into two parts by the Drina River. Bosnia is that part that
occupies one side of the Drina River:Serbia divisa in dueporzione dalfiume Drino.
Bosnia e laporzione al di qua del Drino o delta Drina.
THAT PART OF SERBIA

One finds precisely the same information in Hungarian sources. J. Thuroczy, a 15th century Hungarian chronicler, clearly identifies Bosnia as part of Serbia and sheds light on the origin of Hungary's claims to Bosnia:In 1133» Bela the Blind married
Jelena, the daughter of Uros I. From his father-in-law, Uros, Bela received as dowry
that part of Serbia which the Greeks (Byzantines) call Bosnia and the Ugri (Hun-
garians) call Rama. Thereafter the kings of Hungary have always laid claim to Bosnia
and for this reason have fought many wars with the Serbs.In fact of course,R am a is

not Bosnia, but only az upa in Bosnia that takes its name from the Rama River, a right- bank Neretva River tributary, centered at grad Prozor. After 1137,King of Rama is often found in the titles of Hungarian kings and seldom in the titles of Bosnian rulers.
PALATIN OF HUNGARY, BAN OF CROATIA

Owing to Bela the Blind's disability, royal power was actually in the hands of Queen Jelena, sister of Uros I's son and successor, Uros II, and, what is more important, her brother, Belosh, the very able and energetic Palatin of Hungary and Ban of Croatia. Belosh's influence in Hungary's affairs continued under Bela's minor son and Uros Us nephew, Geza II (1141-1162).
TERRITORIAL DOWRIES

The Hungarians, too, it should be noted, were also generous in the matter of territorial dowries. In one instance, for example, the marriage of Katarina, daughter of King Stefan V of Hungary, to Stefan Dragutin, son of King Stefan Uros I of Serbia (1243-75), the new bride's teritorial dowry included Macva, Srem and a good part of
Slavonia. Soon after this union, Stefan Dragutin was crownedvelikog i strasnog King of
Serbia (1276-82). In another instance, two years after his resignation in favor of his
brother Milutin, Stefan Dragutin's father-in-law granted him an appanage that included
northern Bosnia and the border districts of Usora and Soli.
SLAVI SERVI, BOSNI
InJ.T. Szaszky'sCospectus introductionis, in notitam RegniHungariae, geographicam,
Historicam, politicam et chronographicam (1759),Serbia is Bosnia and Rascia, Serbs are
Bosnians and Rascians:SlaviServi, Bosnii, et Slavi Servi, Rasciani.
ENDNOTES

In another work, De Ceremonis, Constantine refers to Pagania as 'Moravia.' In other sources of that period Pagania is sometimes referred to as Maronia or Moravia, the natives, Mariyani or Moryani, the commander of the Maronia fleet asiudex Marianorum.
In his study of the Slavs (De Originibus Slavicis, 1745), Joan Christofori de Jordan, one of the founders of
Slavistics in Germania, believes that early German sources, namely Einhard ((e.g.Sorabos, quae natio magnam
Dalmatiaepartem obtinere dicitur), offer important information as to Serbia-Bosnia's western borders. Accord-
ing to Christofori, all the historical evidence strongly suggests that Serbi-Bosnia's western border ran along the Una
and Sava rivers, centered at Srb, an ancient stronhold on the Una River. For the latest authoritative word on
Serbia-Bosnia's 'original' borders and the location of the 'inhabited cities' cited by Constantine: S.M. Cirkovic,
"Naseljeni gradovi" Konstantina Porfirogenita i najstarija teritorijalna organizacija, Zbornik Radova Bizantoloski
Institut 37, 1998

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

4. KAMEN DIE WESTSLAVISCHEN
DALEMINCI AUS DALMATIEN?
T
he following review of Kunstmann's articles is intended only to iden-
tify the subject and suggest the general nature and thrust of his explor-
ative inquiries. It goes without saying that in many instances, a serious discus-
sion of the issues and questions raised (e.g. Kunstmann's reference to and undertanding
ofPri m o rd i a) requires and deserves nothing less than a monograph of considerable
weight and length.'
DALEMINCI
In Kamen die westslavischen Daleminci aus Dalmatien? , Kunstmann traces
Germania's Serbs called Dalminci/Glomaci (Sclavi, qui vocantur Dalmatii) to Illyria's
Serbs, to Duklya/Dalmatia, to Dlamoc and Glamoc (1983).

Dass ebenfalls altsorbisches Glomac aus dem LandschaftsnamenDalm at i a enstanden sein kann, hat eigentlich schon £. Schwarz überzeugend gezeigt. Mit vollem Recht hat Schwarz aber auch altsorbisches Glomac, das noch heute in dem Namen der StadtL o m m atz sch enthalten ist, mit dem dalmatinischen ON Glamoc in Verbindung gebracht, was besagt, dass beide Toponyme Vertretungen für Dalmatia sind, ohne dass dabei einem unbekanten alteuropaischen Volk die Rolle des tertium comparationis zugewiesen werden muss.

Die im Titel dieses Beitrages aufgeworfene Frage ist damit wohl überzeugend beantwortet. Der Stammesname der Daleminci ist nun, nachdem die griechische Herkunft des Abodriten-Ethnonyms erkannt wurde, der zweite Hinweis darauf, dass die slavische Besiedlung Nord-west- und Mitteldeutschlands—jedenfalls zum Teil—vom Balkan her, aus dem Süden, nicht aus dem Osten erfolgte.
ZIRZIPANI
In Mecklenburgs Zirzipanen und der Name der Peene Germania's Serbs/Sers on
the Peene River or Scircipene are traced to Balkan Serb lands (1984).

Die StadtSi ri s oderS i rra, auch Seres, Serra oderS errhai heisst heute Serra und liegt an der Sudwestecke der Piringebirges, etwa zehn Kilometer nordöstlich der unteren Struma ... Viel spater lieteten die Serben ihren Stammesnamen volksetymologisch vom ONSi ri s bzw.S eres ab: zu 1503 heisst es otL Sera ze srbblje. Im Slavischen wurde der name der Stadt zuS erez b undS eresb, in gekurtzer Form auch zuS erb oderS erb. Dabei setzt das Slavische nicht die antike Form Sir-, sondern die jüngere, auf vulgarlateinischem Lautwandel voni > e beruhende Version Ser- fort ... Man hat den Namen der mecklenburgischenZi rz i pan en wohl alsSi ri -Pai o n es aufzulösen und darunter soviel wie Paonen aus Siris zu verstehen. Es wird somit nicht eigentlich das alte KompositumSi rt o -pai o n es verwenden!, sondern der ON
Siris dem Ethnonym Paion(es) vorangestellt ... Die dem mecklenburgischen
StammesnamenZi rz i pan en zugrundeliegende Bedeutung Siris-Paiones = Paonen
aus Siris ist insofern erstaunlich präzise und unmissverstandlich, sie lasst keine
geographische Verwechslung aufkommen.

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

DULEBI, GLOPEANI
In Nestors Dulebi und die Glopeani des Geographus Bavarus, the Dulebi and
Glopeani are traced to Slav settlements in Thessaly (1984).

Fur den Beginn des 7. Jahrhunderts glaubt man annehmen zu dürfen, dass der Slavenstamm derVajun i c i das Land Vagenetia in Epirus bewohnte. Moglicherweise siedelten hier auch die slavischen Velegezyci. Beide Stamme werden auch von den—in Fragen der slavischen Invasion vielleicht übertreibenden—
Miracula Sancti Demetrii (von 615?) gennant, was naturlich nicht besagt, dass

beide Ethnika nicht schon vordem in Thessalien sesshaft waren. Auch wenn es bislang keine stichhaltigen Argumente dafür gibt, dass die EthnonymeVajun i c i undVeleg ez y c i wirklich slavische Stamme bezeichnen—hinter den unslavisch wirkenden Namen können sich freilich auch 'Adaptionen' verbergen—so fehlt es doch für das fragliche Gebiet nicht an einigen wenigen, sicher slavischen Ortsnamen. Es sind dies namentlich die im Bereich der alteren Haupstadt Dolopiens, zu lokalisierenden OrteK ard i t sa undD rav i t sa, letzterer in Kreis Karditsa gelegen. Westthessalisch.esK ard i t sa, Mittelpunkt des gleichnamigen Kreises, geht auf slav. gord&c&v Festung, Burg' zurück, wahrend Dravitsa nordwestlich des Xynias-Sees vom slav. Wort fürvKornelkirsche', bulg. dren, skr. drijen, abgeleitet wird. Damit ist unser Wissen über die slavische Besiedlung des fraglichen Gebietes im wesentlichen auch schon erschöpft... Statt dessen sei nun eine völlig neue Überlegung zur Diskussion gestellt. Nach meiner Ansicht ist Glopeani eine Sekundar-Ubernahme des griech. Stammesnamens Dolopes.2

Es sind dies namentlich die im Bereich der alteren Haupstadt Dolopiens, zu lokalisierenden Orte Karditsa und Dravitsa, letzterer in Kreis Karditsa gelegen. Westthessalisch.es Karditsa, Mittelpunkt des gleichnamigen Kreises, geht auf slav. gordbcb 'Festung, Burg; zurück, wahrend Dravitsa nordwestlich des Xynnias-See vom slav. Wort fur 'Kornelkirsche', bulg. [Bulgarian] dren, skr. [Serbo-Croat] drijen, abgeleitet wird.
DEREVLJANI, POLOCANI, VOLYNJANI
In Die Namen der ostslavischen Derevljane, Polocane und Volynjane, the ethnonyms
are traced to Duklja (1985). TheDerevljane, for example, to a Duklja borderland in the
northwest; theP o lo c a n e to a borderland in the southeast, to Duklja'sP ilo t/ P o in t to Stefan
Nemanya'sP olatum . In the 11th century, during the reign of rex Bodin (filii nostri
Bodini, regis Sclavorum gloriosissimi), Polat is recorded as one of the bishoprics of
the Church of Duklja: Dioclensem ecclleaism seu Antivarensem et Catrainensem,
Dulcinensem, Suuacinensem, Scorainensem, Drivatensem, Polatensem, Serbiensem,
Bosniensem, Tribuniensem.
Dass dieD erv an i das Gacko polje an der hercegovinisch-montenegrinischen
Grenze bewohnten...Einen guten Dienst bei der Lokalisierung kann der illyrische
QNAnderva leisten, da er gewissermassen ein Oppositum zu Dervadarstellt—vgl.
Idg. *ana "in Richtung auf, entlang" -und soviel wie "gegenüber Derva" bedeutet.
Anderva, Anderba,auch Andarba, schon zur Romerzeit unter diesen Namen
bekannt, ist identisch mit dem heutigenNi ksi c in Montenegro.A n d erba, also im
sudlichen Teil von Dalmatian gelegen, war Kastell an der strategisch wichtigen Strasse von Narona nach Scodra ... Die Herkunft des Namens derPo lo can e lasst sich noch anders erklaren. Moglicherweise verbirgt sich dahinter ein alter historisch- geographischer Begriff der Serben, was also abermals auf den Balkan verweist...Urkunden bestätigte Diözese...des episcopus Polatensis, die in den serbischen Urkunden des Mittealters alsPi lo t ...E rst 1180 wirdPo l at um von Stefan Nemanja dem serbischen Staat einverleibt, bei dem es bis zur Turkenherrschaft verbleibt... Den altrussischen Ethnomymen Derevljane, Polocane und Volynjane entsprechen, wie gezeigt, die Namen der dalmatinischen Dervanoi, der praevalitanischen Polati und das neuepirotische Toponym Valon(a). Auf Grund der bisherigen Untersuchungen gewinnt man den Eindruck, dass die Slaven bis zu ihrer Landnahme auf dem Balkan im 6.-7. Jhd. keine autochthonen Stammesnamen gehabt haben.
SLOVENI
InWie die Slovene an den Ilmensee kamen, the 'Sloveni'( S loveni z e sedosa okolo
ezera Ilmerja, isdelasagradi narekosa {Novgorod)a re traced to D u k l j a , to Labeatis
terra (locum Labeatum, Labeatis palus), to Skadarsko Balta/Blato as in Miroslavus
...n a v ig a n s q u e p e r B a lta m .

Es ist weder zu beweisen noch auszuschliessen, dass russ. Urnen mit dem Namen des montegrinisch-serbischen Flusses Lim zusammenhangt, doch ist zu beachten, dass der Lim rund 45 km nordöstlich des Skutarisees entspringt, seinen Ursprung also auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen illyrischen Labeates hat. Wahrscheinlich warer für den Ilmensee von Anfang an zwei Bezeichnungen in Gebrauch:Un t en undUn t er ... Der Russische Flussname [Lovat] ist die nur geringfügig veränderte Wiedergrabe des illyrischen Stammesnamen derL abeat es,
Labeatae,auch Lebeataeoder Libeate. Lovatbzw. Lovot entstand aus Labeat-

durch Lautweschel vona > o in beiden Siben sowie Betazismus b > v; der e-Laut der 2. Sible wurde verschliffen ... Das am Skutarisee gelegene Stammesgebiet der Labeaten heisst bei PolybiosL abeat i s ... Zentrum der illyrischen Labeaten war
Skodra,lat. Scodra,alb. Shkoder,i tal. Skutari,serb Skbdbr,das zuglei ch Si tz des

illyrischen Konigreisches bis zu dessen Fall eben im Jahr 168 v. Chr. war. Durch die diokletianische Reform wurdeSco d ra dann Haupstadt der ProvinzPraev al i t an a und im 4. Jh. Bischolsitz, der ein letztes Mal zu 602 erwähnt wird, was gewiss mit dem grossen Awaren-Slaven-Sturm auf Dalmatien zu tun hat. Der NameSco d ra taucht spater als OrtsnameS ehen d er in Mitteldeutschland auf, wohin ihn fraglos Slaven verfrachtet haben ... Bemerkenswert ist nun allerdings, dass der Skutarisee, derL abeat i sp al us in spaterer Zeit noch einen weiteren Namen hatte, nämlichB al t a. Um 1180 heisst es beim Presbyter von Dioclea:M i ro slav us . . .n av i g an sque per
Baltam. Wie alt die Bezeichnung Balta für den Skutarisee ist. lasst sich wohl kaum

mehr präzise sagen, doch darf angenommen werden, dass Balta der einheimische, regionalbarbarische Name auf illyrischbal t a zurück und ist sowohl mit dalmat. Balta als auch slav.blat o , "Sumpf, Kot" (ur)verwandt... Es überrascht nun freilich, dassder alte Nameder in den Ilmensee mundentenL o v at...Vo lo ta war,was ohne Frage die genaue Entsprechung vonBalt a ist: Durch Betzismus im Anlautskonsonanten und Lautwandela >o sowie polnoglasie ist aus illyrischem (?)B alt a ein slavischesVo lo ta geworden. DieL o v at hiess also nichB o lo t o , -was zu erwarten ware, läge ein slav.bl at o zugrunden, auch istVo lo ta feminin, nicht neu- tral ... Wie sind diese Slovenen an den Ilmensee gekommen? Man hat bereits richtig erkannt, dass "die slavische Besiedlung des osteuropaischen Raumes zu verschiedenen Zeiten, etappenweise und aus verschiedenen Richtungen erfolgte. Die Hydronyme Lovat, Polist, Konduja-vielleicht auch Selon-legen slavische Zuwanderung aus den ehemaligen romischen Provinzen Dalmatia, Praevalitania und Epirus Nova nahe.
HUCULS
InWoher die Huzulen ihren Namen haben, the ethnonym Huzul/Hucul/H-ucul
is traced to ancient Hesperioi, to the Ozolians of Lokria (1986).
CRACOWIA, WAWEL
In Der Wawel und die Sage von der Gründung Krakaus Polish' Wawel' and 'Krakow'
as in castrum, quodsuo nomine Cracowia est appellatum, quod anted Wawel nomen habebat
are traced to Duklja/Dalmatia (1986). In the case of Wawel, for example, Kunstmann
reads Wawel as Vamvel as Bambel as Bambalo as Dyrachium (Serb Drac, Alb. Dürres)
in Dalmae: Item ab eodem loco Dalmae usque Bambalonam civitatem, quae nunc
dicitur Dyrachium.

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

RUS
InWahrer die Russen ihren Namen haben, the ethnonym Rus as inR uskaja z em lja
is traced to coastal Duklja/Dalmatia (1986).
Wie sich zeigt, tragt eine Reihe von Flüssen des Ilmensee-Bassins Namen,
die eindeutung balkanischer Provenienz sind, so in erster Linie das Hydronyms
L ovat,das zusammen mi t seinem alteren Namen Volotaei n schlussiger B ewei s daf ür
ist, dass hier die antike Bezeichnung für den Skutarisee vorgelegen hat.R usa ( S t araj a
Russa) liegt an der Polist, hinter welchem Namen sich wiederum der epirotische
ONP al aest e verbirgt. Moglicherweise hangt der Name des Ilmensee-Zuflusses
Selonmi t dem dalmatinischen Hydronym Salonzusammen, under der Novogoroder

BachnameK o n duja hat wohl •weniger mit dem Finnischen zu tun, sondern spiegelt den illyrischen (?) oder thrakischen (?) LandschaftsnamenC an d av i a wider ... Vor diesem Hintergrund kann es nicht mehr überraschen, wenn auch die NamenR usa undR us-wed er aus dem Finnischen noch dem Skandinavischen, sondern eben vom Balkan kommen ... Der Russen-Name fugt sich, wie man sieht, vortrefflich in die Reihe derjenigen slavischen Stammesnamen, die nicht autochthonen Ursprungs sind, sondern als fremde Ethnonyme, Toponyme u.a. aus verschiedenen Balkanregionen übernommen wurden. Die inzwischen stattliche Reiche solcher Übernahmen reicht von den westslavischen Abodriten, Daleminci, Zirzipani, Kaschuben und Poljane (Polen) biz zu den ostslavischen Derevljane, Volynjane und Huzulen. Mit dem Schlüssel zur Frühgeschichte der Russen erschliessen sich freilich auch andere Einsichten: Wenn nämlich die Rusen ihren Namen von Ragusa—die Volynjane von Valona, die Poljane von Apollonia suf. —haben, dann lasst sich die sog. Urheimat der Slaven wohl nicht langer am galizischen Nordrand der Karpaten vermuten. Hier ist selbst die alteuropaische Hydronomie machtlos. Obwohl die Konturen der slavischen Wanderbewegungen immer deutlicher werden, durfte es vermutlich lange dauern, bis sich die neue Erkenntnis von der Herkunft des Russen-Namens durchsetzen wird. Als hemmend wird sich dabei nicht allein die alte normannistische Rotsi-These erweisen, auch emotionale Reaktionen werden das Ihre dazu tun. Falls es aber vermessen anmutet, den Namen des grossen Russland mit dem der kleinen Adria-Insel-Ragusa in Verbindung zu bringen, dann sie an die 'bescheidenen' Anfange auch anderer grosser Lander erinnert, zum Bespiel daran, dass der Doppelkontinent Amerika seinen Namen dem italienischen Seefahrer Amerigo Vespucci verdankt.
PREMYSLIDS
InWaren die ersten Premyslides Balkanslaven? , the Czech house of Premysl is
traced to the Serbs, to Balkan Serbs by way of textual analysis (e.g.Blazanaja Ljudmila
bese ot zemle serbskyja, kneze serbskago dosti), to Dragomira (e.g. exprovincia Sclavorum
paganorum, que Ztodor dicitur), onomastics (e.g. numerous place names in Bohemia
derived from the ethnonym Serb), and other linguistic and historical evidence (1987).

Als Spitzennahnen der Premysliden-Dynastie gelten duxBo ri v o j und seine GattinL udm i la, die spatere Heilige. Wahrend die tschechische Stammeszugehörigkeit Borivojs gesichert oder jedenfalls unangefochten zu sein scheint, gibt die Ludmilas Rätsel auf. Die aksl. Prolog-Legende von der hl. Ludmila:
Blazenaja L judmila bese ot zemle serbskyja, kneze serbskago dosti.
Rätselhaft freilich ist und bleibt, was" serbi sc hes L an d ' und" serbi sc her F ürs?

in der Prolog-Legende besagen. Wegen der geographischen Nahen zu den Sorben hat man sich im allgemeinen darauf verstandigt, dass Ludmilaso rbi scher Abstammung gewesen sei, ja man ging sogar einen Schritt weiter und unterstellte das Vorhandensein von Sroben in Nord-bohmen, was heute jedoch mit Recht in Frage gestellt wird. Nicht bestreiten lasst sich allerdings, dass der Name der Sorben und Serben identisch ist, comes Slavibor daher sowohl sorbischer als auch serbischer Herkunft sien konnte. Bedenkt man weiter, dass Slaven, die sich Serben nannten, vom Balkan nach Mitteldeutschland gewandert waren und hier zu Sorben wurden, dann konnte es sehr wohl sein, dass Ludmilas Vater noch jener Generation angehorte, in deren Erinnerung die ethnische Identität von Serben und Sorben noch lebendig war. Auch fallt ins Auge, dass Slavibors Psov sich an jener Stelle Nordbohmens befindet, von wo aus, den archäologischen Funden zufolge, das Elbe- Saale-Gebiet über das Elbetal mit Slaven, das heisst mit Serben/Sorben besiedelt worden ist. Im Blich auf den Verlauf der slavischen Sud-Nord-Migration liesse sich das Gebiet um Psov-Melnik vielleicht sogar als serbisch-sorbischer Zwischen- Siedelplatz verstehen, an dem ein Teil der slavischen Zuwanderer aus dem Süden sesshaft wurde, wahrend andere Teile in Richtung Sachsen weiterzogen.
CZECHIA
In Der Oberpfalzisch Pfreimd, cech Primda, the names [German] 'Pfreimd' and
[Czech] 'Primda' are traced to Dalmatia to Primorska Serbia or Primordia, to Namen
der kleinen Adria-Insel Primordia (1988).Möglicherweise war es gerade die Insel-lage, die den Namen der kleinen Adria-InselPri m o rd i a bzw.Prem ud a auf die vermutlich schon im Fruhmittelalter enstandene erste Wehrsiedlung an der Mundung Der Pfreimd in die Naab übertragen liess. Als Übertraget kommen freilich nur Slaven in Frage, das legt allein der Verlauf der slavischen Migration vom Balkan nach Norden nahe. Auch ist die ursprungliche Lautung von Pfreimd, alsoPri m o d i a/Prem ud a im Slavischen, eben in czech.Pri m da besser erhalten geblieben als im Deutschen, wo es zu einer Verschiebung des Anlauts gekommen ist ... So gesehen ist der Name des naheliegenden OrtesP ersc hen , zu dessen Urpfarrei Pfreimd biz 1216 gehorte, spater entstanden, da dieser warhscheinlichx u£*B erz jan e "Leute am Ufer (der Naab)" zurückgeht und somit der mundartlichen Medienverschiebung b > p unterlag. Die Übernahme dieses Ortsnamens ins Bairische lasst sich mit Schwarz schon vor 770 ansetzen. Pfreimd, dessen Name also nicht vom Fluss, sondern von einer auf einer Insel entstandenen Wehranlage herzurühren scheint, bestätigt zusammen mit Perschen, dass die sog.Nabawi n i d a, also die Naabwenden zu den fruhesten slavischen Siedlern in der Oberpfalz zu zahrend sind. Der sehr wahrscheinlich auf lateinischem Sprachmaterial basierende Name Pfreimd lasst auch darauf schliessen, dass die Nabawinida oder Teile von ihnen aus einer romanischen Gegen des Balkans an die Naab gekommen waren.
SLOVAKIA
In Die Slovakischen Hydronyme Nitra, Cetinka, Zitava und Ipel' - Zeugen der
slavischen Sud-Nord-Wanderung, a number of Slovakia's hydronyms are traced to Duklja/
Dalmatia's Neretva, to the Neretva, Cetina, Zeta, and Ibar rivers (1988).
So wie der dalmatinische FlussnameNeret v a bei entsprechendem

slovakischen Niederschlag vom Balkan nach Polen wanderte, gelangte auch das dalmatinische HydronymC eti n a nach Polen, wiederum einen Reflex auf slovakischem Gebiet hinterlassend, denn es steht ausser Frage, dass sowohol die slovakischeC et i n ka als auch die polnischeC ety n i a, C ety n , ein Zufluss des westlichen Bug, ihre Namen dem balkanischen PrototypC eti n a verdanken. Wie im Fall der
Neretva hat man auch den Namen der dalmatisnichen Cetinaf ür Übertragung des

polnischen Gewässernamens gehalten. Doch schon Schramm hielt es für wahrscheinlicher, "dass es beide sudsla. FIN—zu einem unbekannten Datum un auf unbekannten Wegen—bis nach Polen verschlug." Schramms grundsatzlich richtiger Vermutung ist hinzuzufügen, dass die Wege, auf denen es diese Namen nach Polen verschlug, immer deutlicher werden.
DUKLJA, DUKLA PASS
In Der Dukla-Name und sein weg von Montenegro über die Karpaten nach
nordwestrussland, the Dukla-Pass in Carpathia and toponyms and hydronyms in Po-
land, Russia and Lithuania are traced to ancient Doclea, medieval Duklja, modern
Montenegro and Ras or Raska-Serbia (1989).3

In der Provinz Praevaütana, unmittelbar ostlich des Gebietes von Kotor befanden sich die Sitze der Illyrischen Docleatae mit ihrem Vorort Doclea. Das Toponym Doclea ist mit Slavan in die Karpaten gewandert, was der noch heute

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

Dukla genannte Pass bestätigt. Doch scheint dieser name noch wieter nach Norden bis in die baltisch-nordwestrussischen Gebiete im Neman-Bassin übertragen worden zu sein, was zahlreiche Bildungen wie Dukeli, lett. Dukuli, Dukulevo, Dukulava, vielleicht aber auch solche ohne [1] wie Duki, Dukiski zu bestätigen scheinen ... Luftlinie rund 60 km nordlich des Dukla-Passes liegt am Wislok die Wojewodschaftsstadt Rzeszow, deren Namen wahren der Jahre 1346-1358 auch als Rzassow notiert wird ... Damit sind wir beim prominenten Namen der mittelalterlichen serbischen Haupstadt Ras an der Raska, nordöstlich vom heutigen Novi Pazar im Sandzak, angelangt... Zentrum einer altserbischen Reichsbildung, die sich Raska oder Ras\ska (zemlja) nannte. Um 1235 lautete der serbische Konigstitel Kral\ vsech\ raskich\ zemlb. Die lat. und ital. Bezeichnungen für den Landschaftsnamen sind Rasaa, Seruia seu Rasia oder Rascia, Raxia.
SLOVAKIA
In Slovakische Ortsnamen aus Thessalien: Presov, Levoca, Sfis, a number of Slovakia's
landnahmes are traced to Thessaly, to zur slavischen Invasion Thessaliens, to the 581/
582 invasionb y p o p u lu s m a le d ic tu s S c la v in o r u m (1989).

Vor diesem historischen Hintergrund kann es eigentlich kaum mehr überraschen, winn sich die Bekanntschaft der Slaven mit Thessalien nicht nur in slovakischen Ort-s und Gewassernamen niederschlug, sondern auch bei anderen Slaven, ja selbst in Nordwestrussland nachweisen lasst. Ein Nachbarstamm der Thessaler, dieD o lo per oderD o lo pes im LandDo lo pi a, der im allgemeinen die Schicksale Thessaliens teilte, hat mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit zu jener Bezeichnung der slavischenD ul ebi geführt, die Historiker und Linguisten immer wieder zu Überlegungen herausfordert.S klav o s, der Name einer von Slaven uberfallenen Insel vor der thessalischen Küste, hat sich in den bekannten ON Stettin, poln.S z cz eci n , verwandelt ... Wie eine in Kurze erscheinende Studie zeigen wird, finden sich thessalische geographische Begriffe aber auch in mehreren altpreussischen Landschaftsbezeichnungen. Die hier aufgezeigten slovakischen Reminiszenzen aus Thessalien sind insofern ein nich unbedeutendes Glied in der Rekonstruktion der frühmittelalterlichen slavischen Migrationsablaufe.
LITHUANIA, PRUSSIA
In Zur frage nach der Herkunft der Balten. Kaunas-Pomesanien-Pogesanien-
Schalauen, a number of Lithuanian and Prussian names are traced to the Balkans, in
several instances to Praevalitania-Duklja-Montenegro (1990).

Baltische Entsprechungen haben ferner mehrere Namen aus der Provinz Praevalitana, voran das antike Ca.ta.rum, Catera, Cathara, das heutige serbokroat. Kotor, ital.C at t aro , das unweit westlich der Sitze des alten Docleaten-Stammes lag. Der Name ist in Bosnien dreimal belegtD ekat era lasst an eine vulgär lat... Bildung*C o t era denken, aus der im Slavischen*ko t er->*ko t br->*ko t r- werden konnte. Letzteres ist die Basis, auf der sowohl die sudslavische Form als auch der westrussische GewassernameK o tra entstehen konnte. ZuK o t ra, einem re. Nbfl. des Neman im Kreis Lida (Wilna), gehören dieK o t ro v ski e-S um p fe sowie der ONK o try (Pruzansk) und die litauischen HydronymeK at ra (Bez. Alytus) bzw. Katare (Bez. Siauliai). Weder Katranoch Katare lassen sich aus dem Baltischen

erklaren, beide zahlen aber zur ältesten Schicht der baltischen Toponymie. In der Provinz Praevalitana, umittelbar ostlich des Gebietes von Kotor befanden sich die Sitze der illyrischenD o c l eat ae mit ihrem VorortD o c l ea. Das ToponymD o c lea ist mit Slaven in die Karpaten gewandert, was der noch heuteD ukl a genannte Pass bestätigt. Doch sheint dieser Name noch weiter nach Norden bis in die baltisch- nordwestrussischen Gebiete im Neman-Bassin übertragen worden zu sein, was zahlreiche Bildungen wieD ukel i , lett. Dukuli, Dukulevo, Dukulevo, Dukulava, vielleicht aber auch solche ohne wie[l\ Dukiu, Dukiski zu bestätigen scheinen.
MOSKVA
InDer Russisches fluss-Resp Stadtname Moskva und sein hydronymisches Umfeld.
Onomastisches zur Frühgeschichte der Slaven im Raum Moskau, the name Moskva (grad
Moskvu, na usti ze Neglinnoj, vyse rekijauzy, 1156) is traced to the Balkans, to Moesia/
Illyria (1991).

Der Fluss- und StadtnameM o skv a, dies darf als gesichert gelten, kann unmöglich finnougrisch sein, da, wie geziegt, die Wortsippe eindeutig auch für das Westslavische nachzuweisen ist. Gewiss ist ausserdem, dass Moskva nich auf
Mosky zurückgeht, sondern ein hybrides, aus griechischen und slavischen Bauteilen

zusammengesetztes theriophores Hydronym ist. Semantisch entspricht es dem von Ptolemaios genanntenM o schi o s po tam o s, dessen Identität zwar ungeklärt ist, der in jedem Fall aber auf den Balkan, vermutlich auf die Provinz Moesia superior oder Illyricum verweist... Bei aller Vorsicht lasst sich nun immerhin sagen, dass der grossere Teil der besprochenen Hydronyme jedenfalls vor oder um 800 ins Slavische übernommen worden sein durfte, was naturlich in keiner Weise einen exakten Schluss auf dass zeitliche Einsetzen der slavischen Besiedlung des Moskauer Raumes zulasst, da Rezeption des Lehngutes und Sesshaftwerden seiner Rezipienten nicht unbedingt synchron erfolgt zu sein brauchen. Bei den beachtlichen geographischen Entfernungen ist wohl eher an grossere zeitliche, vielleicht sogar generative Intervalle zu denken. Die in der gelehrten Welt noch dominierende Ansicht, der Raum Moskau sei spat von Slaven besiedelt worden, ist im Kern wohl zu revidieren.
KIEV
InOnomastische beitrage zur Vorgeschichte der Rus. 1. Thessalisches in
Nordwesrussland. 2. Wie sich der Name Kiev erklart, a number of names in Northwest
Russia and the name 'Kiev',die Mutter der russischen Städte, are traced to the Balkans
(1992).Dass die hybride Bildung *Ky-j-ev(b) l *Ki-j-ev(b) nicht auf die Stadt am

Denepr beschrankt blieb, sondern auch zur Bezeichnung anderer slavischer Siedlungen—Trunte errechnet, wie gesagt, über 100 Onn dieses Typs—Verwendung fand, ist bei einer so verbreiten Naturerscheinung wie einer 'Hohle' oder 'Grube' nur zu verstandlich. Die Häufigkeit des offenbar gemeinslavischen Namens spricht zugleich naturlich gegen die Vermutung, die StadtK i ev könne diesen ihren Namen griechischen Handlern verdanken. Doch lasst sich nicht bestreiten, dass es für Kiev kaum eine treffendere Bezeichnung als eben 'Hohenort' gegen konnte. Das erklart allein schon das zwischen 1055 und 1060 in Kiev entstandene Hohlenkloster, der Pecerskij monastyr auch Pecerskaja lavra genannt, der Mittelpunkt des politischen, kirchlichen und kulturellen Lebens der Kiever Rus, der eben aus jenen Hohlen hervorgegangen ist, die der Dnepr an seinen Ufern entstehen liess.
POLAND: BALKAN ROOTS
In addition to the above articles and information relating to the origin of West
and East Slav ethnonyms,landnahm es, toponyms and hydronyms (e.g. Illyria's Buzani
are Germania's Buzani (between the Zuireani and Sittici) and Polish/Russian Buzani as
in Busani habent civitates CCXXX7and Buzane, zane sedosapo Bugu; Illyrias Sermium/
Srem is Germania/Anhalt's Serimunt is Poland's Srem; Balkan Velun/Veluni are
Pomerania's Wolin/Wolini), a number of articles specifically relate to Poland.
KASCHUBIA
InWoher die Kaschuben ihren Namen haben, the Kaschubs (gens slavonica, quae
Cassubitate dicuntur) Balkan roots are examined (1985).Mit dem Namen der ehemals

im Land der Molossi ansässigen Kassopaier [Kassiope] werder slavische Kleinstamme oder Sippenverbande wahrend ihres Vordringens auf die Balkanhalbininsel gemacht haben. Gerade für die hier in Frage kommende westliche Landschaft im Epeiros hat man seit langem auffallend dicthe Slavensiedlungen erkennen können ... Die Beobachtung nach welcher der Name der Kaschuben im Einklang steht mid dem altepirotischen Ethnonym der Kassopaier, fugt sich vortrefflich in das "neue" Bild von der Herkunft der Polen.
MAZOVIA
InDie Landschafisnamen Masowien und Masuren, Mazovia's Balkan roots are
traced: Illyria's Mas/Maz/Mazaei as in Massarus Mons, later Mt. Mosor, above Split, is
King Alfreds Maega land(Be nordan Horifii is Maega land) is Poland's Mazur/Mazuria/
Mazovia/Mazowsze; Illyria/Mazaei's hydronyms Cetina, Neretva, Sana are Poland's
hydronyms Cetynia, Neretwa, and Sanna (1985).A uf der W urzel *maz- "gross" beruht

ebenfalls der illyrische-dalmatinische Bergname Massarus mons bzw Massarum bei Split. Dieser Name setzt sich aus maz- und dem zur Bildung von Bergnamen öfter gebrauchten illyrischen Suffix -ar(o) zussamen. Der Bergname hat im Serbokroatischen Mosor ergeben, ein Toponym, das zur Bezeichnung von Hochlandschaften (planine) oder Ortsnamen, aber auch anthroponymisch verwenden! wird.
VELKOPOLSKA
InVom Balkan zur Ostsee, for example, citing established archaeological and
historical facts, Kunstmann cites the Serb ethnikon in Poland, especially Great Poland:
Ein weiterer Teil der Serben nahm seinen Wohnsitz anscheinend in Grosspolen.
Dort findet sich eine grossere Anzahlvon Ortsnamenvom TypSarbi a( B eitrage,19 8 7 ).
GNIEZNO, WARTA
InGniezno und Warta, the etymological roots of historic Polish toponyms and
hydronyms are traced to the Balkans (1987).

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

LACH, LECH, LENDIZI
In Der alte Polenname Lach, Lech und Lendizi, seminal Polish ethnonyms are
traced to Balkan Slavs (1987).

Noch deutlicher können die von der Forschung teils erkannten, teils vermuteten Zusammenhange zwischen ost- und westslavischen Lachen kaum bestätigt werden. And der polnischen Ethnogenese waren demzufolge neben aus Apollonia also auch slavische Viachen und, wie künftige Arbeiten warhscheinlich machen, verschiedene anderee Balkanslaven beteiligt.
GOPLO SEE
In Polens Goplo-See und die Schiffart, the etymological roots of Poland's Goplo-
See(Etquoniam lacus Goplo adeo universali Polonorum consensu grandis etfamosus est) are
traced to the Balkans (1989).
GACKOIn Poln. Gdansk, russ. Gdov, kroat. Gacka und Verwandtes, a number of Polish
and Russianla n d n a h m es are traced to the Balkans (1991).
ÜBER DIE HERKUNFT DER POLEN VOM BALKAN
Poland's Serb and Balkan roots are the subject of two impotant articles.4 One in
German,Ü ber die Herkunft der Polen vom Balkan (1984), the other, a later Polish lan-
guagev e rs io nof thesamearticle(WSprawie Rrodowodu Mieszka (1988).S Thefo llo w in g ex-
cerpts should give the reader considerable insight into Kunstmann's scholarship, method
and style.
DACKICH SERBOW
With regard to the Serb-Balkan roots of Poland's rulers, as noted earlier,
Kunstmann traces the 'Dagome' in the late 10th century PolishD a g o m e - iu d e x - R e g e s te to
the pagan Serbs of Danubian Daciaod okresleniem poganskich Dagoni rozumie
"dackich" Serbow.
IUDEX
Kunstmann traces the titlei ud ex inDag o m e-i udex -Reg est e to the Balkans in the

following terms. Es ist wohl etwas "eigentümlich, dass Mieszko alsv Richter' (iudex)" erscheint, doch ist auch seit einiger Zeit bekannt, dass iudex sowohl in Rom als auch in Byzanz (archon) entweder einen Dignitar mit Amtsauftrag oder aber einen selbständigen Herrscher bezeichnen kann... In byzantinisch-griech. Quellen wird für slavische Stammesführer bisweilen auch der Titel archon gebraucht, so etwa in Bulgarien oder Serbien. Gelegentlich wird griech. archon durch lat. iudex ersetzt, 'Was gewiss in Dalmatien" der Fall gewesen sin soll. Im allgemeinen bezeichnet iudex somit den Vertreter einer lokalen Herrschaft mit byzantinischem Einfluss; entsprechend bezeichnete iudex bei den Balkanslaven den Stammesfursten oder Zupan. Für vorliegende Untersuchung ergibt sich eindeutig, dass der Mieszko zugedachte Titel iudex wiederum einen balkanischen Akzent setzt. Dies wird noch deutlicher, sobald die Losung des Rätsels Dagome gegeben ist. MIESZKO, MOESIA
In the same two articles Kunstmann attempts to trace the royal Polish name
Mieszko to Balkan Moesia (ktorej pozniejszym centrum bylo Viminacium dzis Kostolac).

Es ist gelungen, das uralte Geheimnis des strittigen polnischen Dynastennamens zu lüften. Wie sich zeigt, is Mieszko sensu stricto kein Name, sondern eine Herkunftsbezeichnung, die einen entscheidenden Hinweis auf die Herkunft wenn nicht unmittelbar des Tragers, so doch seiner Vorfahren enthalt. Die ältesten und häufigsten Vairanten des poln. Herrschernamens, also Misaco, Miseco, Misico, Mysico usf. sind adjkektivische Ableitungen vom Namen eines grossen Stammes der Balkanhalbinsel. Es ist der Stamm der Moesi, Moeses, Mysi, deren Name mit dem Landschafts- oder Provinznamen Mesia, Moesia, Mysia, zusammenangt. Zu Mesia, Moesia, Mysia gibt es zahlreiche und gut belegte Adjektive, von denen hier nur diejenigen vorgefurhrt werden, die die Enstehung des polnischen Dynastennamens erkennen lassen. Zu Mesia, der Parallelform von Moesia, sind u.a. die Adjektive Mesacus und Mesiacus belegt: natione Mesacus, legione Mesiaca. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdienen die von Mysia, Misia u.a. abgeleiteten Adjektive Misacus und Misiacus insofern, als sie völlig identisch sind mit der Form Misaco des polnischen Herrschernamens: Misacus; his quiescet bone memoriae Pista de numero Misacorum; memoriae Apollinaris de numero Misiacorum candidatus ... ex civitate Tracia. Dem polnischen Dynastennamen ebenso nahe kommen aber auch die adjektivischen Ableitungen von Mysia, und zwar die Formen Mysiacus.
MOESIA, BOSNIA
Taking his analysis one step forward, Kunstmann relates the name Moesia to

Bosnia. Vor diesem historischen Hintergrund wird es unmöglich, eindeutig festzustellen, ob Mieszkos "Stammbaum" seine Wurzeln in der Moesia prima oder secunda hatte. Im übrigen scheint sich der Begriff Mesia, Mysia in spaterer Zeit sogar auf die Landschaft Bosnien übertragen zu haben. Das Land Bosnien, die Bosona, wird erstmals durch Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, also für die Mitte des 10 Jhds. erwähnt. Zue dieser Zeit war Bosnien im Rahmen des serbischen Reiches auf das Tal des gleichnamigen Flusses beschrankt. Bei der Schilderung der Ermordung Pribislavs, eines Sohnes Tolimirs von Dioclea, sagt die von Marko Marulic besorgte lateinische Übersetzung der kroatischen Redaktion der Dukljanin- Chronilc Pribislavus... aMysis, qui nun Bosnenses apellantur, interficitur. Daraus geht eindeutig hervor, dass die Bewohner der Bosona auch Mysi, also Mysier genannt wurden. Die Frage, seit wann die Bosnenses auch Mysi hiessen—in der lat. Version und Orbrinis ital. Übersetzung ist nur von magnates Bosnae bzw. baroni die Bosna—solte von fachkundiger Seite präzisiert werden.
(A)POLINI, OPOLINI, POLONIA
In his discussion of the ethnonym Pole (Polani, Polanin, Poljanin) Kunstmann
finds it interesting that the important mid-9th century source, Descriptio civitatum ad
septenitrionalemplagam Danubii, records the Opols (Opolini, civitates X X ), but not the
Poles or Poland, sometimes cited as Polonia (e.g. Polonia, Polonium Sclavoniae) in 11th
century chronicles. This simple fact leads to informed and interesting speculation that
links Polonia to Silesian Opolini to Balkan Appolonia (Slavic Poljani, Albanic Pojani)

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

SREM, BNIN, POZNAN
In another section, Kunstmann traces three historic Polish toponyms, Srem,
Bnin, and Poznan, and the Polish hydronym Drawa, to Pannonia-Danubia. Den

grosspolnischen Toponymen Srem, Bnin und Poznan scheinen demnach die pannonischen Ortsnamen Sirmium, Bononia und Paznan gegenüberzustehen. Sie sind sich sowohl in der Polonia Maior als auch in der Pannonia inferior geographisch nahe ... Die Herkunft polnischer Teilverbande aus Pannonien, das sei an den Schluss gestellt, wird durch ein Beispiel aus der Hydronomie weiter verdeutlicht. Es ist der Name der polnischen Drawa mit ihren Nebenformen und Ableitungen wie den ONn Drawiny, Drawno, der Drawska Puszcza, Drawska Rownina, dem See Drawsko im Drawskie Pojezierze, der Stadt Drawsko Pomorskie usw. Dem polnischen Hydronym Drawa entspricht exakt der sudslavische Flussname Drava, der ehedem die Grenze zwischen der Pannonia Prima und der Savia bildete. Der Name Drava ist ohne Zweifel vorslavisch, sehr wahrscheinlich sogar vorromisch und vermutlich zu Beginn der romischen Landnahme—wenn nicht noch früher—aus dem Regionalbarbarischen übernommen worden. Eine Erklärung aus dem Slavischen scheidet sowohl für die sudslavische Drava als auch die polnische Drawa aus; ein Transfer aus dem Süden scheint auch in diesem Fall die plausibelste Erklärung zu sein.
ENDNOTES
For a critical review of Kunstmanns theories from a Croatian perspective: R. Katicic, Kunstmannovi lingvisticki
dokazi o seobi Slavena s juga na sjever, Starohrvatska prosvjeta 21, 1991.

Glopeani of Posen/Poznan province: Statt dessen sei nun eine völlig neue Überlegung zur Diskussion gestellt. Nach meiner Ansicht ist Glopeani eine Sekundar-Ubernahme des griech. Stammersnamens Dolopes. Vor Begrundlung diese Meinung hoch ein Wort zur Bildung des Wortes Glopeani.
R. Radunovic, O etimologijii toponyma Duklja, OnJ 9, 1982. J. Udolph, Zur Deutung un Verbreitung des
Namens Dukla, BnF 23, 1988.
4
H. Kunstmann, Über die Herkunft der Polen vom Balkan, DwS, 1984
H. Kunstmann, W Sprawie Rodowodu Mieszka, S1A 31, 1988. PART V
1. MIROSLAV(A), VOJISLAV(A)
I

n order to better understand and appreciate the strength and persistence of the notion in past and present German historical scholarship that Germania's Serbs originated in Illyria, in this section, beginning with the names
of rulers and notables, we review some of the basic and conspicuous social parallels that
underline this view.
GERMANIA, BOSNIA

The names of Slavic rulers and notables recorded in early medieval Germania are often the very same or similar to the names of Serb rulers and notables recorded in historic Serb lands between the Danube and the Adriatic, in medieval Bosnia. In many ways Bosnia was the vital center of the Serb medieval experience. This is especially true in literary matters, in the development of Serb religious literature and the perfection of the Serb language and letter. Succcessive literary-graphic masterpieces in the Serb lan- guage and letter follow one after another.
BOSNIAN GOSPELS
In the mid-13th century we have the Bosnian Gospels, a work inspired by and
similar to Miroslav's Gospel. In the 14th century we have several well known master-
piecesivas' Gospel (Divosevo Evandjelje), the Mostar Gospel or Manojlo's Gospel
(Mostarsko-Manojlovo Evandjelje)an d Kopitar's Gospel (Kopitarova Evandjelja),and Bato's
Gospel (Batovo Evandjelje).In the very early 15th century we have: Nikolj's Gospel (Nikoljsko
Evandjelje),H val' sCollec tion( H valovZ b ornik),andT vrtk oPripkovic'sF ourGospels
(Cetvorojevandjelje Tvrtko Pripkovica), followed by Radosav's Apocalypse (Radosavljeva
Apokolipsa) and the Cajnic Gospel (Cajnicko Jevandjelje.In the late 14th and early 15th
centuries: Daniele s Gospel (Danicicevo Evandjelje), Sreckovic's Gospel (Sreckovicevo
Evandjelje), Nikolj's Gospel (Nikoljsko Evandjelje),and the Venetian Collection (Mletacki
Zbornik).
MOST PURE AND BEAUTIFUL FORM
According to Marin Temperica, a native of Dubrovnik, 16th century Jesuit scholar
and authority on the Serbian language:The Serbian language spoken in Bosnia is the
Serbian language in its most pure and beautiful form. Srbsko pismo was long the
language and letter of native Roman Catholic chronicles, correspondence and records.
It is clear from medieval and later sources, that in Bosnia, where cirilsko pismo znaju
i pastiri citati i pisati, where Roman Catholic texts were published inlittera et idioma
serviano,there was strong resistance to the Latin letter. In a mid-19th century essay

entitledH erc egovc i, Friar Grga Martic (1822-1905), the most learned and respected Franciscan of his time, noting that the Catholics and Orthodox of Hercegovina are Serbs and only Serbs, and that Srpski is the one and only language of Hercegovina
(Jezik Hercegovacki je narecje naseg srbskog jezika),calls for a Serbian language
purged of foreign words and affectations PRODJIMO SE KOJEKAKVI MJESANJA, NEGO SERBLJI
SRBIMA SRBSKI SRBSTUJMO.
ANCIENT, NATIVE NAMES

In Bosnia, centuries after Christianization, ancient and native Serb names re- mained the rule and Christian names the exception. The many names common to Germania and Bosnia are preserved in inscriptions carved in the unique tombstones or 'stecaks' centered in medieval Neretva/Zahumlya/Hum and Bosnia (modern Bosnia- Hercegovina). All the materials in this section (e.g. graphics, transcriptions) originated in the works of several outstanding Yugoslav authorities on the subject: 5.B eslagic :
Kupres, 1954; Steed na Blidinju, 1957; Boljuni, Starinar SAN X II, 1961; Kalinovik,
1962; Popovo, 1966; Steed centralne Bosne, 1966; Steed i Njihova Umjetnost, 1971;
Nekropola drobnjacke vlastele u Poscenju, Zbornik Narodnog muzeja u Beograda VIII,
1975. Stecd'Kultura i Umjetnost, 1982. V. Bogicevic, Pismenost u Bosni i Hercegovini,
1975. V. Corovic, Prilog proucavanja nadna sahranjivanja i podizanja nadgrobnih
spomenika u nasim krajevima u srednjem veku, 1956. M. Vego, Ljubuski, 1954; Zbornik
srednjovejkovnih natpisa BiH, 1-TV, 1962-1970. G. Tomovic, Morfologija drilickih natpisa
naBalkanu, 1974.
INSCRIPTIONS, EPITAPHS
Regarding the form and character of the tombstone inscriptions/epitaphs, B.
Suvajdzic writes:However, it must be pointed out that in these epitaphs the stress is
put exactly on those segments of life of a deceased that make up a pattern of an
epic biography of a hero in our folk epics: heroism, bravery, faithful service to the
master, national creed, heroic death. Particular stress is put on the relationship of
the deceased towards the collective and life which continues even after his death.
The main function of those epigraphs is identical to the sociocultural position of
epic poetry in the past: preservation of names and heroic deeds of prominent an-
cestorsin thememory ofgratefuldescendants(B . Suvajdzic, Natpisi nastetim a kao videpske
(auto)biografije, VuK 27, 1998).
EPIC SPIRIT
The following epitaphs of Vojvoda Radoslav Pavlovich and his unnamed aide
are perfect illustrations of the heroic epic spirit. Ja, vojvoda Pavlovich Radoslav,
gospodar i knez ove zemlje, ovde lezim u ovom grobu. Dok zivljah, turske me car
ne moga niti kojim junastvom niti kakvim darovima pa ni ratom, ni teskom silom,
na zemlji mojoj pobediti, a jos m an je misljah da se od vere odmetnem. Hvalim i
slavim Boga sto vazda odolevah i sto zemlju moju ostavljam u veri hriscanskoj ...
Vojvoda Pavlovichu, gospodaru moj, tebe lubljah za zivota svoga; vernom sluzbom
sluzih tvoju glavu a sad evo lezim mrtav pod nogama tvojim, jer hocu i u zemlji da
sam ti veran sluga. Toga si ti vredan, slavni i junacki kneze, jer mac je tvoj oborio
po nekog Turcina za veru hriscansku.
MIROSLAVA, VOJISLAVA
Two of the more regal names recorded in Germania, for example, Miroslava
and Vojislava, immediately recall two of the more illustrious figures from the first pages
of medieval Serb history( G.C.F .L isc h,DasK losteralt- Dob eranz uA lthof undWoiz lava, desO b odriten-

 

[NickFreakyrgios]

Königs Pribislav Gemahlin, JbM 2, 1837. K. Mydimki, Wojslawa, SsS 6, 1977. T. Lalik, Wojslav, SsS 6, 1966).
MIROSLAV

The name Miroslav is found in one of the earliest inscriptions in the Serb language and letter. Namely, a dedication to the Church of St. Damian and Cosme near Blagaj, founded by Zupan Miroslav( chlm en si s z upan us,117 1- 119 7 ) » in honor of his brother, the great and glorious Zupan Nemanya: Va ime otsa i sina i svetago
duha. Ja zupan Miroslav zidah crkve svetago Kozme i Damjana u svojih sela u dni
velijega zupana slavanago Nemanje.
MIROSLAVJEVA EVANDJELJA
More important,velikoslavnom u Knez/Zupan Miroslav is the patron of the first
literary work in the Serb language and letter:M iroslavjeva E vandjelja orM iroslav' s G os-
pel.A true masterpiece in every sense of the word, its 360 pages in color and gold
include 296 exquisite miniatures. The Gospel's superb illuminations in gold are the
work of scribe/artisan dijak Gligorije (Az grjesni Gligorije dijak nedostoini naresti
se dijak zastavih sie evangelic zlatom knezju velikoslavnomu Miroslavy sinu
Zavidiny).
VOJVODA MASNA
A later tombstone inscription identifies Miroslav and Radoslav as the sons of
VojevodaM asna: Va imeotsa isina isvetagoduha. A sedvorvojevodeMasna i
njegoviju sinova Radoslava i Miroslava. Se pisa rab bozhi i svetago Dimitrija u dni
gospodina kralja ugarskoga Lojsa i gospodina bana bosanskoga Tvrtka. Tko bi to
potres, da je proklet otsem i sinom i svetim duhom.