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Da je berlinski zid pao dok ta zivuljka nije odapela itekako bi se postavilo pitanje sudjenja istom za ratne i posleratne zlocine.A ko bi tuzio Broza? Gaucosi i Oziji?
Guede
Buraz
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Ako nista od zivota i djela Brozovog nije dovoljno dobro da rasprsi te tvoje fantazije, onda bi trebala njegova sahrana, na kojoj sigurno ne bi bio toliki broj stranih zvanicnika da je uopste iko igdje osim juznoamericke i australske imigracije i pomisljao na tuzbe, a kojoj je opet s druge strane trebala citava decenija nakon njegove smrti da izvije siju i izgmili iz rupe gdje je vec obitavala
Cosmopolite
Zaslužan član
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Da ti nisi bio ko-munjara tada ni danas ne bi bio žestoki antikomunista ..
Tako to ide.
Aj sad tema je Hitler, ne spamuj.
NickFreakyrgios
Elita
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Прво нетачно је да Британци нису знали шта се дешава са Јеврејима . Черчил је у својим мемоарима писао да су Британци држали окупиране Газе и нису дозволили немачким бродовима да искрцају Јевреје у Палестину. Сами Енглези су то питање почели решавати још за време првог светског рата дајући јеврејској заједници велика права па је ситуација била обрнута Јевреји су били терористи а Палестинци легалисти.
Јеврејска заједница је много пута ургирала код Черчила али он се правио глув и нем за све.Британци су и фабриковали Хитлера , учио је њихове школе та доктрина је била њихова а постављен је јер је Немачка почела економски да престиже Велику Британију која је уз Америку ојачала током рата уз ратну економију јер је читав народ даниноћно радио у фабрикама , производили су нове бродове , авионе , муницију и свашта нешто.
Савезнички авиони су били много супериорнији у односу на немачке а у људству далеко многобројнији, Само искрцавање на Нормандију што је представљало највећи ризик и пробу за савезнике однос снага савезника у односу на Немце је био 3/1 у корист савезника.
Мислим да је имао подршку савезника да крене на Русију када се то изјаловило и кренуо да шета по њиховим интересним зонама то пријатељство се покварило нарочито прво уз сарадњу са самим Стаљином који је очистио читав војни врх Пољске те је Хитлер јако лако заузео.
Ционистички покрет је основао човек рођен у Земуну у АУ они су прикупили много новца и снажно лобирали док је Јерусалим био турски откупили су већину земљишта од Турака и Арапа па кад су добили своју земљу већ су имали тапије на земљиште на већини територије коју су добили.
Да су ционистички покрет и нациналсоцијалистичка партија сарађивали пре 1939 је потврђено , они су подржавали немачки национализам , подр
жавали су и свој јер је од њих потекао и кроз ту ситуацију су тражили право на своју државу.
Да је Холокауст удружени злочиначки подухват Немаца и Савезника није доказано али сви знају. Сви бивши амерички пилоти говоре о колективној савезничкој кривици у вези Холокауста али ето нису знали , лоше су били информисани.......
Долазимо за пример до Вашингтонског споразума где се трећа страна Израел и друге две потписују и Израел обавезује да живих наследника земљишта у Европи после Холокауста нема!
Није било много око 2/3 Пољске и вероватно добри делови свих водећих држава.
Како би Хитлер уопште имао информације о наследницима европске земље ако све државе нсу биле укључене у тај пројекат.
Pumpaj Dinstanović
Zaslužan član
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Ne vredi,morao bi ponovo da se rodis ali taj sledeci put da se rodis pametniji.Ako nista od zivota i djela Brozovog nije dovoljno dobro da rasprsi te tvoje fantazije, onda bi trebala njegova sahrana, na kojoj sigurno ne bi bio toliki broj stranih zvanicnika da je uopste iko igdje osim juznoamericke i australske imigracije i pomisljao na tuzbe, a kojoj je opet s druge strane trebala citava decenija nakon njegove smrti da izvije siju i izgmili iz rupe gdje je vec obitavala
Guede
Buraz
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Jbt, uh sto ti je polemicar ..... muahahah
Khal Drogo
Elita
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Да је прије другог свјетског рата постојала конвенција о спречавању и кажњавању злочина геноцида, онако како је касније дефинисана ту би тужилаштво (можда) имало проблем јер би поред акције морало (ван сваке разумне сумње) доказати и намјеру и ту увелико зависи од судског вијећа и њиховог виђења шта би уважило као "доказ". Било би лакше доказати да је било наредбе типа "укрцати све Јевреје у вагоне, спровести у логор, тамо ликвидирати а тијела спалити...." али такве наредбе није било, а и документација која би нешто доказала темељито је уништена. Да ли би свједочења, сачуване изјаве или расни закони били довољни опет зависи од тужилаштва да ли би то прихватило као довољну потврду намјере.
Но и тако је та конвенција (чији садржај је по мени проблематичан јер оставља судском вијећу превише слободе да произвољно доноси одлуке) донесена касније 1948.године а ступила на снагу 1951.године.
Када су у питању злочини против човјечности, ту нацисти и нису имали простора да изврдају правди, могли су се бранити да су били само шарафи у ланцу командовања и да су извршавали наредбе, или да нису непосредно били укључени у масовне егзекуције.
Хитлер као апсолутни ауторитет се није могао вадити на те аргументе, а није се могао вадити да он лично није знао шта раде лупежи испод њега јер је то зло имало своју генезу гдје је он (или он са одабраном дружином ниткова) био генератор еволуције тог зла.
Имамо и Нирнбершке антисемитске законе још из 1935.године (овдје)
Који би му сузили простор за врдање, заправо не би имао никаквог простора за врдање, био би проглашен кривим и објешен ако у међувремену не би попио отров.
Уопште и та прича и та генеза зла је ишла постепено док није достигла кулминацију и епилог у ужасу какав свијет није раније упознао.
Што се тиче односа њемачке нације према том злу, ту се афирмише перцепција како већина њемачког народа није знала шта се дешава када је у питању истребљење Јевреја, Рома и других "мање вриједних бића".
То би и могло проћи за неке народе тамо далеко од Њемачке, негдје на фронту или окупираним територијама, али у питању Јевреја тешко, терор над Јеврејима није почео 1939.године, него много раније, почетком 1930их, већ 1933-е батинаши из јуришних одреда (СА) су спроводили брутални терор над Јеврејима (наредних година замијениће их СС који ће то радити дискретно и монструозно ефикасно), голубарници у Берлину и другим њемачким градовима су претворени у мучилишта, већ имамо и све бројније примјере убиства, ту су Њемци могли бити "необавиштени" само ако у њиховим мјестима није било јеврејске заједнице а нису се кретали ван свог мјеста. А и онда би понешто чули.
Тако да можемо рећи да су постојале тада три врсте људи у тадашњем њемачком корпусу, они који су окретали главу и правили се да не примјећују тај терор, они који су примјећивали и то их јесте додиривало али из страха би остали пасивни и они који би дали подршку у тим процесима, да ли цинкарењем оних који су на удару, вербалном подршком или би се придружили у тим "акцијама", а тавих није било мало, напротив. А то да нису знали је прича за наивне.
Но и тако је та конвенција (чији садржај је по мени проблематичан јер оставља судском вијећу превише слободе да произвољно доноси одлуке) донесена касније 1948.године а ступила на снагу 1951.године.
Када су у питању злочини против човјечности, ту нацисти и нису имали простора да изврдају правди, могли су се бранити да су били само шарафи у ланцу командовања и да су извршавали наредбе, или да нису непосредно били укључени у масовне егзекуције.
Хитлер као апсолутни ауторитет се није могао вадити на те аргументе, а није се могао вадити да он лично није знао шта раде лупежи испод њега јер је то зло имало своју генезу гдје је он (или он са одабраном дружином ниткова) био генератор еволуције тог зла.
Имамо и Нирнбершке антисемитске законе још из 1935.године (овдје)
Nuremberg Laws
Title page of the German government gazette Reichsgesetzblatt issue proclaiming the laws, published on 16 September 1935 (RGB I No. 100)
The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze, pronounced [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁɡɐ ɡəˈzɛt͡sə] (
listen)) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans and the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens. The remainder were classed as state subjects without any citizenship rights. A supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law officially came into force on that date. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include Romani and Black people. This supplementary decree defined Romanis as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews.
Out of foreign policy concerns, prosecutions under the two laws did not commence until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, they began to implement their policies, which included the formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race. Chancellor and Führer (leader) Adolf Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses on 1 April 1933, and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April, excluded non-Aryans from the legal profession and civil service. Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish authors, were destroyed in a nationwide book burning on 10 May. Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks. They were actively suppressed, stripped of their citizenship and civil rights, and eventually completely removed from German society.
The Nuremberg Laws had a crippling economic and social impact on the Jewish community. Persons convicted of violating the marriage laws were imprisoned, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores, many of which closed due to lack of customers. As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service or government-regulated professions such as medicine and education, many middle class business owners and professionals were forced to take menial employment. Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90% of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country. By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass deportation schemes such as the Madagascar Plan proved to be impossible for the Nazis to carry out, and starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.
Background
Main articles: Nazi eugenics and Nazism and race
The Nazi Party was one of several far-right political parties active in Germany after the end of the First World War.[1] The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.[2] They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.[3]
While imprisoned in 1924 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler dictated Mein Kampf to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.[4] The book is an autobiography and exposition of Hitler's ideology in which he laid out his plans for transforming German society into one based on race. In it he outlined his belief in Jewish Bolshevism, a conspiracy theory that posited the existence of an international Jewish conspiracy for world domination in which the Jews were the mortal enemy of the German people. Throughout his life Hitler never wavered in his world view as expounded in Mein Kampf.[5] The Nazi Party advocated the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community") with the aim of uniting all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische).[6]
Nazi Germany
Members of the SA picket in front of a Jewish place of business during the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, 1 April 1933.
Discrimination against Jews intensified after the Nazis seized power; following a month-long series of attacks by members of the Sturmabteilung (SA; paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party) on Jewish businesses, synagogues, and members of the legal profession, on 1 April 1933 Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses.[7] By 1933, many people who were not Nazi Party members advocated segregating Jews from the rest of German society.[8] The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933, forced all non-Aryans to retire from the legal profession and civil service.[9] Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise.[9] In 1934, the Nazi Party published a pamphlet titled "Warum Arierparagraph?" ("Why the Aryan Law?"), which summarised the perceived need for the law.[10] As part of the drive to remove Jewish influence from cultural life, members of the National Socialist Student League removed from libraries any books considered un-German, and a nationwide book burning was held on 10 May.[11] Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country.[12] Legislation passed in July 1933 stripped naturalised German Jews of their citizenship, creating a legal basis for recent immigrants (particularly Eastern European Jews) to be deported.[9] Many towns posted signs forbidding entry to Jews.[13] Throughout 1933 and 1934, Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks.[14]
Other laws promulgated in this period included the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (passed on 14 July 1933), which called for the compulsory sterilisation of people with a range of hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses.[15] Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals (passed 24 November 1933), habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilisation as well.[16] This law was also used to force the incarceration in prison or Nazi concentration camps of "social misfits" such as the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics, homeless vagrants, black people and Romani (referred to as "Gypsies").[17][18]
Reich Gypsy Law
The Central Office for Combatting Gypsies was established in 1929.[19] In December 1938 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler issued an order for "combatting the Gypsy plague". Romanis were to be categorised in terms of their Roma ancestry as a racial characteristic, rather than their previous association as 'anti-social' elements of society.[20] This work was advanced by Dr Robert Ritter of the Racial Hygiene and Population unit of the Ministry of Health, who by 1942, had produced a scale of ZM+, ZM of the first and second degree, and ZM- to reflect an individual's decreasing level of Romani ancestry.[21] This classification meant that one could be classified as Roma and subject to anti-Roma legislation on the basis of having two Roma great-great grandparents.[22] Dr Zindel of the Ministry of the Interior prepared a draft of a Reich "Gypsy Law" intended to supplement and accompany the Nuremberg Laws. According to Zindel, the "Gypsy problem" could not be dealt with by forced resettlement or imprisonment within Germany. He recommended identification and registration of all Roma, followed by sterilisation and deportation. In 1938, public health authorities were ordered to register all Roma and Roma Mischlinge.[23] Despite Himmler's interest in enacting such legislation, which he said would prevent "further intermingling of blood, and which regulates all the most pressing questions which go together with the existences of Gypsies in the living space of the German nation",[24] the regime never promulgated the "Gypsy Law".[25] In December 1942, Himmler ordered that all Roma were to be sent to Nazi concentration camps.[20]
"The Jewish problem"
The SA had nearly three million members at the start of 1934.[26]
Disenchanted with the unfulfilled promise of Nazi Party leaders to eliminate Jews from German society, SA members were eager to lash out against the Jewish minority as a way of expressing their frustrations. A Gestapo report from early 1935 stated that the rank and file of the Nazi Party would set in motion a solution to the "Jewish problem ... from below that the government would then have to follow".[27] Assaults, vandalism, and boycotts against Jews, which the Nazi government had temporarily curbed in 1934, increased again in 1935 amidst a propaganda campaign authorised at the highest levels of government.[27] Most non-party members ignored the boycotts and objected to the violence out of concern for their own safety.[28] The Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka argues that there was a disparity between the views of the Alte Kämpfer (longtime party members) and the general public, but that even those Germans who were not politically active favoured bringing in tougher new antisemitic laws in 1935.[29] The matter was raised to the forefront of the state agenda as a result of this antisemitic agitation.[30]
The Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick announced on 25 July that a law forbidding marriages between Jews and non-Jews would shortly be promulgated, and recommended that registrars should avoid issuing licences for such marriages for the time being. The draft law also called for a ban on marriage for persons with hereditary illnesses.[31]
Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, the Economics Minister and Reichsbank president, criticised the violent behaviour of the Alte Kämpfer and SA because of its negative impact on the economy.[30] The violence also had a negative impact on Germany's reputation in the international community.[32] For these reasons, Hitler ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8 August 1935, and the Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick threatened to take legal action against Nazi Party members who ignored the order.[30] From Hitler's perspective, it was imperative to quickly bring in new antisemitic laws to appease the radical elements in the party who persisted in attempting to remove the Jews from German society by violent means.[32] A conference of ministers was held on 20 August 1935 to discuss the question. Hitler argued against violent methods because of the damage being done to the economy, and insisted the matter must be settled through legislation.[33] The focus of the new laws would be marriage laws to prevent "racial defilement", stripping Jews of their German citizenship, and laws to prevent Jews from participating freely in the economy.[34]
Events at Nuremberg
Nazi Party dignitaries at the 1935 Nuremberg Rally
The seventh annual Nazi Party Rally, held in Nuremberg from 10–16 September 1935, featured the only Reichstag session held outside Berlin during the Nazi regime.[35] Hitler decided that the rally would be a good opportunity to introduce the long-awaited anti-Jewish laws.[36] In a speech on 12 September, leading Nazi physician Gerhard Wagner announced that the government would soon introduce a "law for the protection of German blood".[37] The next day, Hitler summoned the Reichstag to meet in session at Nuremberg on 15 September, the last day of the rally.[36] Franz Albrecht Medicus and Bernhard Lösener of the Interior Ministry were summoned to Nuremberg and directed to start preparing a draft of a law forbidding sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews. The two men arrived on 14 September.[38] That evening, Hitler ordered them to also have ready by morning a draft of the Reich citizenship law.[34] Hitler found the initial drafts of the Blood Law to be too lenient, so at around midnight Interior Minister Frick brought him four new drafts that differed mainly in the severity of the penalties they imposed. Hitler chose the most lenient version, but left vague the definition of who was a Jew.[39] Hitler stated at the rally that the laws were "an attempt at the legal settlement of a problem, which, if this proved a failure, would have to be entrusted by law to the National Socialist Party for a definitive solution".[40] Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had the radio broadcast of the passing of the laws cut short, and ordered the German media to not mention them until a decision was made as to how they would be implemented.[41]
Text of the laws
Nuremberg Race Laws
Reich Citizenship Law
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
The two Nuremberg Laws were unanimously passed by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935.[42] The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans, and forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households. The Reich Citizenship Law declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights.[43] The wording in the Citizenship Law that a person must prove "by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich" meant that political opponents could also be stripped of their German citizenship.[42] This law was effectively a means of stripping Jews, Roma, and other "undesirables" of their legal rights, and their citizenship.[44]
Over the coming years, an additional 13 supplementary laws were promulgated that further marginalised the Jewish community in Germany.[13] For example, Jewish families were not permitted to submit claims for subsidies for large families and were forbidden to transact business with Aryans.[45]
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
Moved by the understanding that purity of German blood is the essential condition for the continued existence of the German people, and inspired by the inflexible determination to ensure the existence of the German nation for all time, the Reichstag has unanimously adopted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
Extramarital relations between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden.[46]
Article 3
Jews may not employ in their households female citizens of German or related blood who are under 45 years old.[46]
Article 4
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer and the Reich Minister of Justice, will issue the legal and administrative regulations required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Article 7
The law takes effect on the day following promulgation, except for Article 3, which goes into force on 1 January 1936.[46]
Reich Citizenship Law
The Reichstag has unanimously enacted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer, will issue the legal and administrative orders required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Classifications under the laws
1935[47]
Special Cases with First Degree Mischlinge[47]
Impact
See also: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany
1935 chart shows racial classifications under the Nuremberg Laws: German, Mischlinge, and Jew.
While both the Interior Ministry and the Nazi Party agreed that persons with three or more Jewish grandparents would be classed as being Jewish and those with only one (Mischlinge of the second degree) would not, a debate arose as to the status of persons with two Jewish grandparents (Mischlinge of the first degree).[48] The Nazi Party, especially its more radical elements, wanted the laws to apply to Mischlinge of both the first and second degree.[49] For this reason Hitler continued to stall, and did not make a decision until early November 1935. His final ruling was that persons with three Jewish grandparents were classed as Jewish; those with two Jewish grandparents would be considered Jewish only if they practised the faith or had a Jewish spouse.[50] The supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law came into force on that date. Jews were no longer German citizens and did not have the right to vote.[51] Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote in Reichstag elections or the Anschluss.[52] Civil servants who had been granted an exemption to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service because of their status as war veterans were forced out of their jobs on this date.[51] A supplementary decree issued on 21 December ordered the dismissal of Jewish veterans from other state-regulated professions such as medicine and education.[51]
While Interior Minister Frick's suggestion that a citizenship tribunal before which every German would have to prove that they were Aryan was not acted upon, proving one's racial heritage became a necessary part of daily life.[49][53] Non-government employers were authorised to include in their statutes an Aryan paragraph excluding both Mischlinge and Jews from employment.[54] Proof of Aryan descent was achieved by obtaining an Aryan certificate. One form was to acquire an Ahnenpass, which could be obtained by providing birth or baptismal certificates that all four grandparents were of Aryan descent.[55] The Ahnenpass could also be acquired by citizens of other countries, as long as they were of "German or related blood".[56]
"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" – Parole der Woche, 1 July 1942
Under the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour (15 September 1935), marriages were forbidden between Jews and Germans; between Mischlinge of the first degree and Germans; between Jews and Mischlinge of the second degree; and between two Mischlinge of the second degree. Mischlinge of the first degree were permitted to marry Jews, but they would henceforth be classed as Jewish themselves. All marriages undertaken between half-Jews and Germans required the approval of a Committee for the Protection of German Blood. Few such permissions were granted.[54] A supplementary decree issued on 26 November 1935 extended the law to "Gypsies, Negroes, and their bastards".[57]
Persons suspected of having sexual relations with non-Aryans were charged with Rassenschande (racial defilement) and tried in the regular courts. Evidence provided to the Gestapo for such cases was largely provided by ordinary citizens such as neighbours, co-workers, or other informants.[58] Persons accused of race defilement were publicly humiliated by being paraded through the streets with a placard around their necks detailing their crime.[59] Those convicted were typically sentenced to prison terms, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps.[58] As the law did not permit capital punishment for racial defilement, special courts were convened to allow the death penalty for some cases.[60] From the end of 1935 through 1940, 1,911 people were convicted of Rassenschande. Over time, the law was extended to include non-sexual forms of physical contact such as greeting someone with a kiss or an embrace.[58]
For the most part, Germans accepted the Nuremberg Laws, partly because Nazi propaganda had successfully swayed public opinion towards the general belief that Jews were a separate race, but also because to oppose the regime meant leaving oneself open to harassment or arrest by the Gestapo.[61][62] Citizens were relieved that the antisemitic violence ceased after the laws were passed.[63] Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores.[64] Wholesalers who continued to serve Jewish merchants were marched through the streets with placards around their necks proclaiming them as traitors.[65] The Communist party and some elements of the Catholic Church were critical of the laws.[57] Concerned that international opinion would be adversely swayed by the new laws, the Interior Ministry did not actively enforce them until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin that August.[32][61]
Beginning in 1941, Jews were required by law to self-identify by wearing a yellow badge on their clothing.[66]
The Interior Ministry estimated there were 750,000 Mischlinge as of April 1935 (studies done after the war put the number of Mischlinge at around 200,000).[57] As Jews became more and more excluded from German society, they organised social events, schools, and activities of their own.[67] Economic problems were not so easily solved, however; many Jewish firms went out of business due to lack of customers. This was part of the ongoing Aryanization process (the transfer of Jewish firms to non-Jewish owners, usually at prices far below market value) that the regime had initiated in 1933, which intensified after the Nuremberg Laws were passed.[68] Former middle-class or wealthy business owners were forced to take employment in menial jobs to support their families, and many were unable to find work at all.[69]
Although a stated goal of the Nazis was that all Jews should leave the country, emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country.[70] Anyone caught transferring their money overseas was sentenced to lengthy terms in prison as "economic saboteurs".[71] An exception was money sent to Palestine under the terms of the Haavara Agreement, whereby Jews could transfer some of their assets and emigrate to that country. Around 52,000 Jews emigrated to Palestine under the terms of this agreement between 1933 and 1939.[72]
By the start of the Second World War in 1939, around 250,000 of Germany's 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries.[73][74] By 1938 it was becoming almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country that would take them.[75] After the 1936–39 Arab revolt, the British were disinclined to accept any more Jews into Palestine for fear it would further destabilise the region.[76] Nationalistic and xenophobic people in other countries pressured their governments not to accept waves of Jewish immigrants, especially poverty-stricken ones.[77] The Madagascar Plan, a proposed mass deportation of European Jews to Madagascar, proved to be impossible to carry out.[78] Starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.[79] The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million people.[80] Estimates of the death toll of Romanis in the Porajmos range from 150,000 to 1,500,000.[81]
Legislation in other countries
Decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria for approval of The law for protection of the nation
Some of the other Axis powers passed their own versions of the Nuremberg Laws.
An original typescript of the laws signed by Hitler was found by the US Army's Counterintelligence Corps in 1945. It ended up in the possession of General George S. Patton, who kept it, in violation of orders that such finds should be turned over to the government. During a visit to Los Angeles in 1945, he handed it over to the Huntington Library, where it was stored in a bomb-proof vault. The library revealed the existence of the document in 1999, and sent it on permanent loan to the Skirball Cultural Center, which placed it on public display. The document was transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington in August 2010
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Title page of the German government gazette Reichsgesetzblatt issue proclaiming the laws, published on 16 September 1935 (RGB I No. 100)
The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze, pronounced [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁɡɐ ɡəˈzɛt͡sə] (
listen)) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans and the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens. The remainder were classed as state subjects without any citizenship rights. A supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law officially came into force on that date. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include Romani and Black people. This supplementary decree defined Romanis as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews.Out of foreign policy concerns, prosecutions under the two laws did not commence until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, they began to implement their policies, which included the formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race. Chancellor and Führer (leader) Adolf Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses on 1 April 1933, and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April, excluded non-Aryans from the legal profession and civil service. Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish authors, were destroyed in a nationwide book burning on 10 May. Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks. They were actively suppressed, stripped of their citizenship and civil rights, and eventually completely removed from German society.
The Nuremberg Laws had a crippling economic and social impact on the Jewish community. Persons convicted of violating the marriage laws were imprisoned, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores, many of which closed due to lack of customers. As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service or government-regulated professions such as medicine and education, many middle class business owners and professionals were forced to take menial employment. Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90% of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country. By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass deportation schemes such as the Madagascar Plan proved to be impossible for the Nazis to carry out, and starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.
Background
Main articles: Nazi eugenics and Nazism and race
The Nazi Party was one of several far-right political parties active in Germany after the end of the First World War.[1] The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.[2] They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.[3]
While imprisoned in 1924 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler dictated Mein Kampf to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.[4] The book is an autobiography and exposition of Hitler's ideology in which he laid out his plans for transforming German society into one based on race. In it he outlined his belief in Jewish Bolshevism, a conspiracy theory that posited the existence of an international Jewish conspiracy for world domination in which the Jews were the mortal enemy of the German people. Throughout his life Hitler never wavered in his world view as expounded in Mein Kampf.[5] The Nazi Party advocated the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community") with the aim of uniting all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische).[6]
Nazi Germany
Members of the SA picket in front of a Jewish place of business during the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, 1 April 1933.
Discrimination against Jews intensified after the Nazis seized power; following a month-long series of attacks by members of the Sturmabteilung (SA; paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party) on Jewish businesses, synagogues, and members of the legal profession, on 1 April 1933 Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses.[7] By 1933, many people who were not Nazi Party members advocated segregating Jews from the rest of German society.[8] The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933, forced all non-Aryans to retire from the legal profession and civil service.[9] Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise.[9] In 1934, the Nazi Party published a pamphlet titled "Warum Arierparagraph?" ("Why the Aryan Law?"), which summarised the perceived need for the law.[10] As part of the drive to remove Jewish influence from cultural life, members of the National Socialist Student League removed from libraries any books considered un-German, and a nationwide book burning was held on 10 May.[11] Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country.[12] Legislation passed in July 1933 stripped naturalised German Jews of their citizenship, creating a legal basis for recent immigrants (particularly Eastern European Jews) to be deported.[9] Many towns posted signs forbidding entry to Jews.[13] Throughout 1933 and 1934, Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks.[14]
Other laws promulgated in this period included the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (passed on 14 July 1933), which called for the compulsory sterilisation of people with a range of hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses.[15] Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals (passed 24 November 1933), habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilisation as well.[16] This law was also used to force the incarceration in prison or Nazi concentration camps of "social misfits" such as the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics, homeless vagrants, black people and Romani (referred to as "Gypsies").[17][18]
Reich Gypsy Law
The Central Office for Combatting Gypsies was established in 1929.[19] In December 1938 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler issued an order for "combatting the Gypsy plague". Romanis were to be categorised in terms of their Roma ancestry as a racial characteristic, rather than their previous association as 'anti-social' elements of society.[20] This work was advanced by Dr Robert Ritter of the Racial Hygiene and Population unit of the Ministry of Health, who by 1942, had produced a scale of ZM+, ZM of the first and second degree, and ZM- to reflect an individual's decreasing level of Romani ancestry.[21] This classification meant that one could be classified as Roma and subject to anti-Roma legislation on the basis of having two Roma great-great grandparents.[22] Dr Zindel of the Ministry of the Interior prepared a draft of a Reich "Gypsy Law" intended to supplement and accompany the Nuremberg Laws. According to Zindel, the "Gypsy problem" could not be dealt with by forced resettlement or imprisonment within Germany. He recommended identification and registration of all Roma, followed by sterilisation and deportation. In 1938, public health authorities were ordered to register all Roma and Roma Mischlinge.[23] Despite Himmler's interest in enacting such legislation, which he said would prevent "further intermingling of blood, and which regulates all the most pressing questions which go together with the existences of Gypsies in the living space of the German nation",[24] the regime never promulgated the "Gypsy Law".[25] In December 1942, Himmler ordered that all Roma were to be sent to Nazi concentration camps.[20]
"The Jewish problem"
The SA had nearly three million members at the start of 1934.[26]
Disenchanted with the unfulfilled promise of Nazi Party leaders to eliminate Jews from German society, SA members were eager to lash out against the Jewish minority as a way of expressing their frustrations. A Gestapo report from early 1935 stated that the rank and file of the Nazi Party would set in motion a solution to the "Jewish problem ... from below that the government would then have to follow".[27] Assaults, vandalism, and boycotts against Jews, which the Nazi government had temporarily curbed in 1934, increased again in 1935 amidst a propaganda campaign authorised at the highest levels of government.[27] Most non-party members ignored the boycotts and objected to the violence out of concern for their own safety.[28] The Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka argues that there was a disparity between the views of the Alte Kämpfer (longtime party members) and the general public, but that even those Germans who were not politically active favoured bringing in tougher new antisemitic laws in 1935.[29] The matter was raised to the forefront of the state agenda as a result of this antisemitic agitation.[30]
The Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick announced on 25 July that a law forbidding marriages between Jews and non-Jews would shortly be promulgated, and recommended that registrars should avoid issuing licences for such marriages for the time being. The draft law also called for a ban on marriage for persons with hereditary illnesses.[31]
Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, the Economics Minister and Reichsbank president, criticised the violent behaviour of the Alte Kämpfer and SA because of its negative impact on the economy.[30] The violence also had a negative impact on Germany's reputation in the international community.[32] For these reasons, Hitler ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8 August 1935, and the Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick threatened to take legal action against Nazi Party members who ignored the order.[30] From Hitler's perspective, it was imperative to quickly bring in new antisemitic laws to appease the radical elements in the party who persisted in attempting to remove the Jews from German society by violent means.[32] A conference of ministers was held on 20 August 1935 to discuss the question. Hitler argued against violent methods because of the damage being done to the economy, and insisted the matter must be settled through legislation.[33] The focus of the new laws would be marriage laws to prevent "racial defilement", stripping Jews of their German citizenship, and laws to prevent Jews from participating freely in the economy.[34]
Events at Nuremberg
Nazi Party dignitaries at the 1935 Nuremberg Rally
The seventh annual Nazi Party Rally, held in Nuremberg from 10–16 September 1935, featured the only Reichstag session held outside Berlin during the Nazi regime.[35] Hitler decided that the rally would be a good opportunity to introduce the long-awaited anti-Jewish laws.[36] In a speech on 12 September, leading Nazi physician Gerhard Wagner announced that the government would soon introduce a "law for the protection of German blood".[37] The next day, Hitler summoned the Reichstag to meet in session at Nuremberg on 15 September, the last day of the rally.[36] Franz Albrecht Medicus and Bernhard Lösener of the Interior Ministry were summoned to Nuremberg and directed to start preparing a draft of a law forbidding sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews. The two men arrived on 14 September.[38] That evening, Hitler ordered them to also have ready by morning a draft of the Reich citizenship law.[34] Hitler found the initial drafts of the Blood Law to be too lenient, so at around midnight Interior Minister Frick brought him four new drafts that differed mainly in the severity of the penalties they imposed. Hitler chose the most lenient version, but left vague the definition of who was a Jew.[39] Hitler stated at the rally that the laws were "an attempt at the legal settlement of a problem, which, if this proved a failure, would have to be entrusted by law to the National Socialist Party for a definitive solution".[40] Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had the radio broadcast of the passing of the laws cut short, and ordered the German media to not mention them until a decision was made as to how they would be implemented.[41]
Text of the laws
Nuremberg Race Laws
Reich Citizenship Law
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
The two Nuremberg Laws were unanimously passed by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935.[42] The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans, and forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households. The Reich Citizenship Law declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights.[43] The wording in the Citizenship Law that a person must prove "by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich" meant that political opponents could also be stripped of their German citizenship.[42] This law was effectively a means of stripping Jews, Roma, and other "undesirables" of their legal rights, and their citizenship.[44]
Over the coming years, an additional 13 supplementary laws were promulgated that further marginalised the Jewish community in Germany.[13] For example, Jewish families were not permitted to submit claims for subsidies for large families and were forbidden to transact business with Aryans.[45]
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
Moved by the understanding that purity of German blood is the essential condition for the continued existence of the German people, and inspired by the inflexible determination to ensure the existence of the German nation for all time, the Reichstag has unanimously adopted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
- Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden. Marriages nevertheless concluded are invalid, even if concluded abroad to circumvent this law.
- Annulment proceedings can be initiated only by the state prosecutor.[46]
Extramarital relations between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden.[46]
Article 3
Jews may not employ in their households female citizens of German or related blood who are under 45 years old.[46]
Article 4
- Jews are forbidden to fly the Reich or national flag or display Reich colours.
- They are, on the other hand, permitted to display the Jewish colours. The exercise of this right is protected by the state.[46]
- Any person who violates the prohibition under Article 1 will be punished with prison with hard labour [Zuchthaus].
- A male who violates the prohibition under Article 2 will be punished with prison [Gefängnis] or prison with hard labour.
- Any person violating the provisions under Articles 3 or 4 will be punished with prison with hard labour for up to one year and a fine, or with one or the other of these penalties.[46]
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer and the Reich Minister of Justice, will issue the legal and administrative regulations required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Article 7
The law takes effect on the day following promulgation, except for Article 3, which goes into force on 1 January 1936.[46]
Reich Citizenship Law
The Reichstag has unanimously enacted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
- A subject of the state is a person who enjoys the protection of the German Reich and who in consequence has specific obligations toward it.
- The status of subject of the state is acquired in accordance with the provisions of the Reich and the Reich Citizenship Law.[46]
- A Reich citizen is a subject of the state who is of German or related blood, and proves by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich.
- Reich citizenship is acquired through the granting of a Reich citizenship certificate.
- The Reich citizen is the sole bearer of full political rights in accordance with the law.[46]
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer, will issue the legal and administrative orders required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Classifications under the laws
1935[47]
| Classification | Translation | Heritage | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deutschblütiger | German-blooded | German | Belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Deutschblütiger | German-blooded | 1⁄8 Jewish | Considered as belonging to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Mischling zweiten Grades | Mixed race (second degree) | 1⁄4 Jewish | Only partly belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Mischling ersten Grades | Mixed race (first degree) | 3⁄8 or 1⁄2 Jewish | Only partly belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Jude | Jew | 3⁄4 Jewish | Belongs to the Jewish race and community; not approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Jude | Jew | Jewish | Belongs to the Jewish race and community; not approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Date | Decree |
|---|---|
| 15 September 1935 | A Mischling will be considered a Jew if they are a member of the Jewish religious community. |
| 15 September 1935 | A Mischling will be considered a Jew if they are married to a Jew. Their children will be considered Jews. |
| 17 September 1935 | A mixed-race child that is born of a marriage with a Jew, where the marriage date is after 17 September 1935, will be classified as a Jew. Those born in marriages officiated on or before 17 September 1935 will still be classified as Mischlinge. |
| 31 July 1936 | A mixed-race child originating from forbidden extramarital sexual intercourse with a Jew that is born out of wedlock after 31 July 1936 will be classified as a Jew. |
See also: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany
1935 chart shows racial classifications under the Nuremberg Laws: German, Mischlinge, and Jew.
While both the Interior Ministry and the Nazi Party agreed that persons with three or more Jewish grandparents would be classed as being Jewish and those with only one (Mischlinge of the second degree) would not, a debate arose as to the status of persons with two Jewish grandparents (Mischlinge of the first degree).[48] The Nazi Party, especially its more radical elements, wanted the laws to apply to Mischlinge of both the first and second degree.[49] For this reason Hitler continued to stall, and did not make a decision until early November 1935. His final ruling was that persons with three Jewish grandparents were classed as Jewish; those with two Jewish grandparents would be considered Jewish only if they practised the faith or had a Jewish spouse.[50] The supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law came into force on that date. Jews were no longer German citizens and did not have the right to vote.[51] Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote in Reichstag elections or the Anschluss.[52] Civil servants who had been granted an exemption to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service because of their status as war veterans were forced out of their jobs on this date.[51] A supplementary decree issued on 21 December ordered the dismissal of Jewish veterans from other state-regulated professions such as medicine and education.[51]
While Interior Minister Frick's suggestion that a citizenship tribunal before which every German would have to prove that they were Aryan was not acted upon, proving one's racial heritage became a necessary part of daily life.[49][53] Non-government employers were authorised to include in their statutes an Aryan paragraph excluding both Mischlinge and Jews from employment.[54] Proof of Aryan descent was achieved by obtaining an Aryan certificate. One form was to acquire an Ahnenpass, which could be obtained by providing birth or baptismal certificates that all four grandparents were of Aryan descent.[55] The Ahnenpass could also be acquired by citizens of other countries, as long as they were of "German or related blood".[56]
"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" – Parole der Woche, 1 July 1942
Under the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour (15 September 1935), marriages were forbidden between Jews and Germans; between Mischlinge of the first degree and Germans; between Jews and Mischlinge of the second degree; and between two Mischlinge of the second degree. Mischlinge of the first degree were permitted to marry Jews, but they would henceforth be classed as Jewish themselves. All marriages undertaken between half-Jews and Germans required the approval of a Committee for the Protection of German Blood. Few such permissions were granted.[54] A supplementary decree issued on 26 November 1935 extended the law to "Gypsies, Negroes, and their bastards".[57]
Persons suspected of having sexual relations with non-Aryans were charged with Rassenschande (racial defilement) and tried in the regular courts. Evidence provided to the Gestapo for such cases was largely provided by ordinary citizens such as neighbours, co-workers, or other informants.[58] Persons accused of race defilement were publicly humiliated by being paraded through the streets with a placard around their necks detailing their crime.[59] Those convicted were typically sentenced to prison terms, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps.[58] As the law did not permit capital punishment for racial defilement, special courts were convened to allow the death penalty for some cases.[60] From the end of 1935 through 1940, 1,911 people were convicted of Rassenschande. Over time, the law was extended to include non-sexual forms of physical contact such as greeting someone with a kiss or an embrace.[58]
For the most part, Germans accepted the Nuremberg Laws, partly because Nazi propaganda had successfully swayed public opinion towards the general belief that Jews were a separate race, but also because to oppose the regime meant leaving oneself open to harassment or arrest by the Gestapo.[61][62] Citizens were relieved that the antisemitic violence ceased after the laws were passed.[63] Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores.[64] Wholesalers who continued to serve Jewish merchants were marched through the streets with placards around their necks proclaiming them as traitors.[65] The Communist party and some elements of the Catholic Church were critical of the laws.[57] Concerned that international opinion would be adversely swayed by the new laws, the Interior Ministry did not actively enforce them until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin that August.[32][61]
Beginning in 1941, Jews were required by law to self-identify by wearing a yellow badge on their clothing.[66]
The Interior Ministry estimated there were 750,000 Mischlinge as of April 1935 (studies done after the war put the number of Mischlinge at around 200,000).[57] As Jews became more and more excluded from German society, they organised social events, schools, and activities of their own.[67] Economic problems were not so easily solved, however; many Jewish firms went out of business due to lack of customers. This was part of the ongoing Aryanization process (the transfer of Jewish firms to non-Jewish owners, usually at prices far below market value) that the regime had initiated in 1933, which intensified after the Nuremberg Laws were passed.[68] Former middle-class or wealthy business owners were forced to take employment in menial jobs to support their families, and many were unable to find work at all.[69]
Although a stated goal of the Nazis was that all Jews should leave the country, emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country.[70] Anyone caught transferring their money overseas was sentenced to lengthy terms in prison as "economic saboteurs".[71] An exception was money sent to Palestine under the terms of the Haavara Agreement, whereby Jews could transfer some of their assets and emigrate to that country. Around 52,000 Jews emigrated to Palestine under the terms of this agreement between 1933 and 1939.[72]
By the start of the Second World War in 1939, around 250,000 of Germany's 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries.[73][74] By 1938 it was becoming almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country that would take them.[75] After the 1936–39 Arab revolt, the British were disinclined to accept any more Jews into Palestine for fear it would further destabilise the region.[76] Nationalistic and xenophobic people in other countries pressured their governments not to accept waves of Jewish immigrants, especially poverty-stricken ones.[77] The Madagascar Plan, a proposed mass deportation of European Jews to Madagascar, proved to be impossible to carry out.[78] Starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.[79] The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million people.[80] Estimates of the death toll of Romanis in the Porajmos range from 150,000 to 1,500,000.[81]
Legislation in other countries
.jpg)
Decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria for approval of The law for protection of the nation
Some of the other Axis powers passed their own versions of the Nuremberg Laws.
- In 1938, Fascist Italy passed the Italian Racial Laws and Manifesto of Race which stripped Jews of their citizenship and forbade sexual relations and marriages between Jewish and non-Jewish Italians.[82]
- Hungary passed laws on 28 May 1938 and 5 May 1939 banning Jews from various professions. A third law, added in August 1941, defined Jews as anyone with at least two Jewish grandparents, and forbade sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews.[83]
- In 1940 the ruling Iron Guard in Romania passed the Law Defining the Legal Status of Romanian Jews,[84]
- In 1941 the Codex Judaicus was enacted in Slovakia,[85]
- In 1941 Bulgaria passed the Law for Protection of the Nation,[86]
- In 1941, the Ustaše in Croatia passed legislation defining who was a Jew and restricting contact with them.[87]
- While the Empire of Japan did not draft or pass any legislation, they were pressured by the German government to place Singaporean Jews and Indonesian Jews in internment camps during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and Singapore.[88][89]
An original typescript of the laws signed by Hitler was found by the US Army's Counterintelligence Corps in 1945. It ended up in the possession of General George S. Patton, who kept it, in violation of orders that such finds should be turned over to the government. During a visit to Los Angeles in 1945, he handed it over to the Huntington Library, where it was stored in a bomb-proof vault. The library revealed the existence of the document in 1999, and sent it on permanent loan to the Skirball Cultural Center, which placed it on public display. The document was transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington in August 2010
Уопште и та прича и та генеза зла је ишла постепено док није достигла кулминацију и епилог у ужасу какав свијет није раније упознао.
Што се тиче односа њемачке нације према том злу, ту се афирмише перцепција како већина њемачког народа није знала шта се дешава када је у питању истребљење Јевреја, Рома и других "мање вриједних бића".
То би и могло проћи за неке народе тамо далеко од Њемачке, негдје на фронту или окупираним територијама, али у питању Јевреја тешко, терор над Јеврејима није почео 1939.године, него много раније, почетком 1930их, већ 1933-е батинаши из јуришних одреда (СА) су спроводили брутални терор над Јеврејима (наредних година замијениће их СС који ће то радити дискретно и монструозно ефикасно), голубарници у Берлину и другим њемачким градовима су претворени у мучилишта, већ имамо и све бројније примјере убиства, ту су Њемци могли бити "необавиштени" само ако у њиховим мјестима није било јеврејске заједнице а нису се кретали ван свог мјеста. А и онда би понешто чули.
Тако да можемо рећи да су постојале тада три врсте људи у тадашњем њемачком корпусу, они који су окретали главу и правили се да не примјећују тај терор, они који су примјећивали и то их јесте додиривало али из страха би остали пасивни и они који би дали подршку у тим процесима, да ли цинкарењем оних који су на удару, вербалном подршком или би се придружили у тим "акцијама", а тавих није било мало, напротив. А то да нису знали је прича за наивне.
Pumpaj Dinstanović
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Nisam originalno hteo da širim diskusiu u ovom smeru jer nisam imao vremena...ali kada si već napisao ovo, hajde da porazgovaramo na ovu temu.
Zašto kažeš da su Jevreji za Nemce bili gori od Turaka [za nas, pretpostavljam]?
Šta su bili argumenti Hitlerovih (i njemu bliskih saradnika) tvrdnji vezano za jevrejsku zaveru? Koliko su te priče satkane od činjenica, a koliko fikcije?
FDDD
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imaš li objašnjenje kako tako mali procenat etničke grupe može da ima toliki uticaj/vlast u jednoj državi? danas je ista priča. oni kao da streme od rodjenja, kao da ih neko gura neka nepoznata sila da idu ka moći i uticaju. i meni je to neobjašnjivo bilo iz ugla da posmatram.
Pumpaj Dinstanović
Zaslužan član
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Nema ničeg posebnog oko toga; stvar je jednostavno oko toga da imaš ili ne novca. Najbolja komparacija bi se mogla izvršiti, u našoj sredini, jeste da Cincarima. Do pre oko jednog veka ukoliko si Cincarin u Beogradu, Novom Sadu i sl. to bi značilo poprilično izvrsno da ćeš imati vrlo kvalitetno obrazovanje, dosta lagodan život i perspektivu da se potpuno slobodno baviš politikom, humanističkim disciplinama, ili da širiš svoj biznis. Naravno, svaka religija donosi sa sobom neke kulturne obrasce koji je čine specifičnim, a Cincara nema svuda po svetu, pa nije na globalnom nivou uporediv značaj Cincara i Jevreja, kad napustimo našu sredinu, ali suština je tu.
Naravno, tvrdnja da su Jevreji do 1930-ih godina držali Njemačku u svojoj šaci i da je nemački narod štaviše navodno pazio strašno zbog njihovog društvenog uticaj, nije ništa drugo do golema laž. Spreman sam da saslušam kontraargumente, naravno, ali sve što sam ikada do sada čuo su najčešće izjave tipa kao ta na koju aludiraš...pa imaju puno para.
U suštini svodi se na istu priču kao i ona komunistička. Samo meta nisu sveštenici, ili uspješni poljoprivrednici, umjetnici, čekati, itd...nego Jevreji. Isti povodi, ista psihologija, mentalitet, kontekst i, naravno, isti ciljevi (redistribucija bogatstva oduzimanjem sredstava od onih koji imaju i preraspodela onima koji nemaju).
Džordan Piterson je to dosta dobro objasnio u jednom od postavljanih priloga. Stvaranje konteksta u kojem možeš slobodno upastdi kod svog susjeda, silo sto mu ženu i djecu i uzeti ono što on ima za sebe; odnosno stvaranje opravdanog narativna za to.
Poslednja izmena:
FDDD
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znači gledaš na to samo sa socijalno-ekonomske strane? ipak, što se jevreja tiče, imam utisak kao da je u pitanju neka sklonost ka udruživanju na neki njihov mistični način, što je možda (najverovatnije) i razvijeno kao ostatak vekovnog proganjanja koji su imali još od Rimskog carstva.
Pumpaj Dinstanović
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Svako je sklon udruživanju. Bilo da govorimo o Kinezima u Beogradu koji imaju jednu bukvalno kompletnu svoju kulturu, sa restoranima u kojima niko od posluge uopšte ne zna ni jedne jedine reči našeg jezika. Cela je to Maltene podzemna sinobeogradskog kultura.
Jesi li ikada bio u kontaktu sa našom emigracijom? Jesi li primetio kako se ljudi drže svojih? U jednom slučaju Srbi su i izuzetno slični Jevbrejima. Srbi u Zagrebu. Ista priča kao i sa Jevbrejima, a poreklo, kontekst i ciljevi nemačkog antisemitizma i hrvatska priča o velikosrpskoj hegemoniji u ovom slučaju, suštinske su kopije.
FDDD
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ma pusti Kineze i Srbe u Zagrebu, to stoji ali ne pokazuješ pravi primer iz koga bi se mogao izvući zaključak. ni jedan drugi narod nema toliko pipaka u svim segmentima vlasti i toliki uticaj na svetsku politiku kao Jevreji. Jermeni imaju izuzetno jaku dijasporu svuda u svetu pa ne uspeše da odbrane NK. šta bi se desilo da Arapi pokušaju da povrate recimo ceo pojas Gaze? čime objašnjavaš nekažnjeno ubijanje političkih protivnika, pre par dana vidjeno.
odakle njima to pravo osim ako ne dolazi iz nekih izvora 'iz senke'. svi to znamo, to je prežvakana priča, znaju ovo i vrapci sa grane. i sad ti poredi Srbe u Zagrebu sa jevrejskom dijasporom, tj. njihovim mehanizmom odbrane. ne ide, dva i dva jednako četiri
gost 422686
Buduća legenda
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Jevreji su u Nemačkoj tada kao i danas zauzimali visoke položaje posebno u politici, umetnosti i ekonomiji.
Za poraz u Prvom svetskom ratu krivi su upravo Jevreji koji su i napravili taj rat.
Zatim pljačka Nemačkog naroda kroz ratnu odštetu.
Vajmarska republika u službi stranaca.
Divljanje komunista na ulicama Nemačkih gradova. Veliki broj vođa komunističkih bandi bili su Jeverji.
gost 422686
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Utiču danas na celi svet i to pogubno i razorno.
FDDD
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ne treba biti ni veliki intelektualac. promiču ti stvari pred očima.
Khal Drogo
Elita
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Прича како су се ти зли Јевреји онако покварено домунђавали и радили да напакосте радишном њемачком народу па је то јадног Адолфа истраумирало, тешко да би овом помогло у судском процесу, а тешко да би то неко озбиљно схватио.
Опет та прича о "дежурним злоћама" и завјери против човјечанства анамо неких бјелосвјетских хуља је присутна од времена како је гавран поцрнио и биће присутна док је свијета и вијека. Остаје само да се детектују ти "дежурни злоће".
Сами Јевреји су се кроз историју показали погодним за улогу "дежурних злоћи" (из више разлога, и због те мантре како су издали Христа и богатство које би стекли било би њихово проклетство и мотив хуљама који би да се домогну тог богатства, има улогу и вјерски фактор и још понешто) према којима ће се преусмјерити фрустрације и бијес свјетине и преко те мржње према "дежурним злоћама" извршити хомогенизација нације. Тако да ту нацисти нису нешто ново измислили већ су слиједили образац који се показао добитном опцијом у таквим процесима.
Додуше они су прерасли игрицу, имамо те Нирнбершке антисемитске законе (овдје)
Којим су Јевреји (уз гратис Роме) 15.септембра 1935.године у једном дану "де факто" изопштени из њемачке државе и друштва, заправо постали непријатељима рајха и њемачког народа и закони који су нешто најизопаченије у историји човјечанства и који говоре којом је странпутицом пошао народ који је благонаклоно гледао на такве болесне законе.
Касније су ти закони дограђивани, сегрегација би била "болдованија" и епилог ће имати у "коначном рјешењу јеврејског питања".
У причи је могуће занимљив однос самог Хитлера према Јеврејима, да ли се прилагођавао околностика и препустио бујици када више није било повратка са пута зла којим се пошло или је и сам имао исконски анимозитет према Јеврејима.
По свему што знамо, и из сачуваних свједочења и из његовог рукописа (мада је ту ? да ли су све идеје његове, или је ту више аутора рукописа који је постао манифестом нацистичке партије) "Моја борба", од своје најраније доби имао је усађену ако не мржњу оно снажну одбојност према Јеврејима и то је временом добијало нову димензију. А и ако није имао, спровео је неку врсту ауто индоктринације, антисемитизам је постао обиљежјем и те идеје и те политике, вјероватно и лична опсесија, да буде горе, горе по Јевреје, његови потчињени су били ефикасни како спровести замисли одабраног вође, прича која ће имати епилог у истребљењу јеврејског народа, милиона невиних.
Опет та прича о "дежурним злоћама" и завјери против човјечанства анамо неких бјелосвјетских хуља је присутна од времена како је гавран поцрнио и биће присутна док је свијета и вијека. Остаје само да се детектују ти "дежурни злоће".
Сами Јевреји су се кроз историју показали погодним за улогу "дежурних злоћи" (из више разлога, и због те мантре како су издали Христа и богатство које би стекли било би њихово проклетство и мотив хуљама који би да се домогну тог богатства, има улогу и вјерски фактор и још понешто) према којима ће се преусмјерити фрустрације и бијес свјетине и преко те мржње према "дежурним злоћама" извршити хомогенизација нације. Тако да ту нацисти нису нешто ново измислили већ су слиједили образац који се показао добитном опцијом у таквим процесима.
Додуше они су прерасли игрицу, имамо те Нирнбершке антисемитске законе (овдје)
Nuremberg Laws
Title page of the German government gazette Reichsgesetzblatt issue proclaiming the laws, published on 16 September 1935 (RGB I No. 100)
The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze, pronounced [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁɡɐ ɡəˈzɛt͡sə] (listen)) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans and the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens. The remainder were classed as state subjects without any citizenship rights. A supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law officially came into force on that date. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include Romani and Black people. This supplementary decree defined Romanis as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews.
Out of foreign policy concerns, prosecutions under the two laws did not commence until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, they began to implement their policies, which included the formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race. Chancellor and Führer (leader) Adolf Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses on 1 April 1933, and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April, excluded non-Aryans from the legal profession and civil service. Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish authors, were destroyed in a nationwide book burning on 10 May. Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks. They were actively suppressed, stripped of their citizenship and civil rights, and eventually completely removed from German society.
The Nuremberg Laws had a crippling economic and social impact on the Jewish community. Persons convicted of violating the marriage laws were imprisoned, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores, many of which closed due to lack of customers. As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service or government-regulated professions such as medicine and education, many middle class business owners and professionals were forced to take menial employment. Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90% of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country. By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass deportation schemes such as the Madagascar Plan proved to be impossible for the Nazis to carry out, and starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.
Background
Main articles: Nazi eugenics and Nazism and race
The Nazi Party was one of several far-right political parties active in Germany after the end of the First World War.[1] The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.[2] They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.[3]
While imprisoned in 1924 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler dictated Mein Kampf to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.[4] The book is an autobiography and exposition of Hitler's ideology in which he laid out his plans for transforming German society into one based on race. In it he outlined his belief in Jewish Bolshevism, a conspiracy theory that posited the existence of an international Jewish conspiracy for world domination in which the Jews were the mortal enemy of the German people. Throughout his life Hitler never wavered in his world view as expounded in Mein Kampf.[5] The Nazi Party advocated the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community") with the aim of uniting all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische).[6]
Nazi Germany
Members of the SA picket in front of a Jewish place of business during the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, 1 April 1933.
Discrimination against Jews intensified after the Nazis seized power; following a month-long series of attacks by members of the Sturmabteilung (SA; paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party) on Jewish businesses, synagogues, and members of the legal profession, on 1 April 1933 Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses.[7] By 1933, many people who were not Nazi Party members advocated segregating Jews from the rest of German society.[8] The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933, forced all non-Aryans to retire from the legal profession and civil service.[9] Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise.[9] In 1934, the Nazi Party published a pamphlet titled "Warum Arierparagraph?" ("Why the Aryan Law?"), which summarised the perceived need for the law.[10] As part of the drive to remove Jewish influence from cultural life, members of the National Socialist Student League removed from libraries any books considered un-German, and a nationwide book burning was held on 10 May.[11] Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country.[12] Legislation passed in July 1933 stripped naturalised German Jews of their citizenship, creating a legal basis for recent immigrants (particularly Eastern European Jews) to be deported.[9] Many towns posted signs forbidding entry to Jews.[13] Throughout 1933 and 1934, Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks.[14]
Other laws promulgated in this period included the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (passed on 14 July 1933), which called for the compulsory sterilisation of people with a range of hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses.[15] Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals (passed 24 November 1933), habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilisation as well.[16] This law was also used to force the incarceration in prison or Nazi concentration camps of "social misfits" such as the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics, homeless vagrants, black people and Romani (referred to as "Gypsies").[17][18]
Reich Gypsy Law
The Central Office for Combatting Gypsies was established in 1929.[19] In December 1938 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler issued an order for "combatting the Gypsy plague". Romanis were to be categorised in terms of their Roma ancestry as a racial characteristic, rather than their previous association as 'anti-social' elements of society.[20] This work was advanced by Dr Robert Ritter of the Racial Hygiene and Population unit of the Ministry of Health, who by 1942, had produced a scale of ZM+, ZM of the first and second degree, and ZM- to reflect an individual's decreasing level of Romani ancestry.[21] This classification meant that one could be classified as Roma and subject to anti-Roma legislation on the basis of having two Roma great-great grandparents.[22] Dr Zindel of the Ministry of the Interior prepared a draft of a Reich "Gypsy Law" intended to supplement and accompany the Nuremberg Laws. According to Zindel, the "Gypsy problem" could not be dealt with by forced resettlement or imprisonment within Germany. He recommended identification and registration of all Roma, followed by sterilisation and deportation. In 1938, public health authorities were ordered to register all Roma and Roma Mischlinge.[23] Despite Himmler's interest in enacting such legislation, which he said would prevent "further intermingling of blood, and which regulates all the most pressing questions which go together with the existences of Gypsies in the living space of the German nation",[24] the regime never promulgated the "Gypsy Law".[25] In December 1942, Himmler ordered that all Roma were to be sent to Nazi concentration camps.[20]
"The Jewish problem"
The SA had nearly three million members at the start of 1934.[26]
Disenchanted with the unfulfilled promise of Nazi Party leaders to eliminate Jews from German society, SA members were eager to lash out against the Jewish minority as a way of expressing their frustrations. A Gestapo report from early 1935 stated that the rank and file of the Nazi Party would set in motion a solution to the "Jewish problem ... from below that the government would then have to follow".[27] Assaults, vandalism, and boycotts against Jews, which the Nazi government had temporarily curbed in 1934, increased again in 1935 amidst a propaganda campaign authorised at the highest levels of government.[27] Most non-party members ignored the boycotts and objected to the violence out of concern for their own safety.[28] The Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka argues that there was a disparity between the views of the Alte Kämpfer (longtime party members) and the general public, but that even those Germans who were not politically active favoured bringing in tougher new antisemitic laws in 1935.[29] The matter was raised to the forefront of the state agenda as a result of this antisemitic agitation.[30]
The Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick announced on 25 July that a law forbidding marriages between Jews and non-Jews would shortly be promulgated, and recommended that registrars should avoid issuing licences for such marriages for the time being. The draft law also called for a ban on marriage for persons with hereditary illnesses.[31]
Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, the Economics Minister and Reichsbank president, criticised the violent behaviour of the Alte Kämpfer and SA because of its negative impact on the economy.[30] The violence also had a negative impact on Germany's reputation in the international community.[32] For these reasons, Hitler ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8 August 1935, and the Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick threatened to take legal action against Nazi Party members who ignored the order.[30] From Hitler's perspective, it was imperative to quickly bring in new antisemitic laws to appease the radical elements in the party who persisted in attempting to remove the Jews from German society by violent means.[32] A conference of ministers was held on 20 August 1935 to discuss the question. Hitler argued against violent methods because of the damage being done to the economy, and insisted the matter must be settled through legislation.[33] The focus of the new laws would be marriage laws to prevent "racial defilement", stripping Jews of their German citizenship, and laws to prevent Jews from participating freely in the economy.[34]
Events at Nuremberg
Nazi Party dignitaries at the 1935 Nuremberg Rally
The seventh annual Nazi Party Rally, held in Nuremberg from 10–16 September 1935, featured the only Reichstag session held outside Berlin during the Nazi regime.[35] Hitler decided that the rally would be a good opportunity to introduce the long-awaited anti-Jewish laws.[36] In a speech on 12 September, leading Nazi physician Gerhard Wagner announced that the government would soon introduce a "law for the protection of German blood".[37] The next day, Hitler summoned the Reichstag to meet in session at Nuremberg on 15 September, the last day of the rally.[36] Franz Albrecht Medicus and Bernhard Lösener of the Interior Ministry were summoned to Nuremberg and directed to start preparing a draft of a law forbidding sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews. The two men arrived on 14 September.[38] That evening, Hitler ordered them to also have ready by morning a draft of the Reich citizenship law.[34] Hitler found the initial drafts of the Blood Law to be too lenient, so at around midnight Interior Minister Frick brought him four new drafts that differed mainly in the severity of the penalties they imposed. Hitler chose the most lenient version, but left vague the definition of who was a Jew.[39] Hitler stated at the rally that the laws were "an attempt at the legal settlement of a problem, which, if this proved a failure, would have to be entrusted by law to the National Socialist Party for a definitive solution".[40] Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had the radio broadcast of the passing of the laws cut short, and ordered the German media to not mention them until a decision was made as to how they would be implemented.[41]
Text of the laws
Nuremberg Race Laws
Reich Citizenship Law
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
The two Nuremberg Laws were unanimously passed by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935.[42] The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans, and forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households. The Reich Citizenship Law declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights.[43] The wording in the Citizenship Law that a person must prove "by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich" meant that political opponents could also be stripped of their German citizenship.[42] This law was effectively a means of stripping Jews, Roma, and other "undesirables" of their legal rights, and their citizenship.[44]
Over the coming years, an additional 13 supplementary laws were promulgated that further marginalised the Jewish community in Germany.[13] For example, Jewish families were not permitted to submit claims for subsidies for large families and were forbidden to transact business with Aryans.[45]
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
Moved by the understanding that purity of German blood is the essential condition for the continued existence of the German people, and inspired by the inflexible determination to ensure the existence of the German nation for all time, the Reichstag has unanimously adopted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
Extramarital relations between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden.[46]
Article 3
Jews may not employ in their households female citizens of German or related blood who are under 45 years old.[46]
Article 4
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer and the Reich Minister of Justice, will issue the legal and administrative regulations required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Article 7
The law takes effect on the day following promulgation, except for Article 3, which goes into force on 1 January 1936.[46]
Reich Citizenship Law
The Reichstag has unanimously enacted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer, will issue the legal and administrative orders required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Classifications under the laws
1935[47]
Special Cases with First Degree Mischlinge[47]
Impact
See also: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany
1935 chart shows racial classifications under the Nuremberg Laws: German, Mischlinge, and Jew.
While both the Interior Ministry and the Nazi Party agreed that persons with three or more Jewish grandparents would be classed as being Jewish and those with only one (Mischlinge of the second degree) would not, a debate arose as to the status of persons with two Jewish grandparents (Mischlinge of the first degree).[48] The Nazi Party, especially its more radical elements, wanted the laws to apply to Mischlinge of both the first and second degree.[49] For this reason Hitler continued to stall, and did not make a decision until early November 1935. His final ruling was that persons with three Jewish grandparents were classed as Jewish; those with two Jewish grandparents would be considered Jewish only if they practised the faith or had a Jewish spouse.[50] The supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law came into force on that date. Jews were no longer German citizens and did not have the right to vote.[51] Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote in Reichstag elections or the Anschluss.[52] Civil servants who had been granted an exemption to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service because of their status as war veterans were forced out of their jobs on this date.[51] A supplementary decree issued on 21 December ordered the dismissal of Jewish veterans from other state-regulated professions such as medicine and education.[51]
While Interior Minister Frick's suggestion that a citizenship tribunal before which every German would have to prove that they were Aryan was not acted upon, proving one's racial heritage became a necessary part of daily life.[49][53] Non-government employers were authorised to include in their statutes an Aryan paragraph excluding both Mischlinge and Jews from employment.[54] Proof of Aryan descent was achieved by obtaining an Aryan certificate. One form was to acquire an Ahnenpass, which could be obtained by providing birth or baptismal certificates that all four grandparents were of Aryan descent.[55] The Ahnenpass could also be acquired by citizens of other countries, as long as they were of "German or related blood".[56]
"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" – Parole der Woche, 1 July 1942
Under the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour (15 September 1935), marriages were forbidden between Jews and Germans; between Mischlinge of the first degree and Germans; between Jews and Mischlinge of the second degree; and between two Mischlinge of the second degree. Mischlinge of the first degree were permitted to marry Jews, but they would henceforth be classed as Jewish themselves. All marriages undertaken between half-Jews and Germans required the approval of a Committee for the Protection of German Blood. Few such permissions were granted.[54] A supplementary decree issued on 26 November 1935 extended the law to "Gypsies, Negroes, and their bastards".[57]
Persons suspected of having sexual relations with non-Aryans were charged with Rassenschande (racial defilement) and tried in the regular courts. Evidence provided to the Gestapo for such cases was largely provided by ordinary citizens such as neighbours, co-workers, or other informants.[58] Persons accused of race defilement were publicly humiliated by being paraded through the streets with a placard around their necks detailing their crime.[59] Those convicted were typically sentenced to prison terms, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps.[58] As the law did not permit capital punishment for racial defilement, special courts were convened to allow the death penalty for some cases.[60] From the end of 1935 through 1940, 1,911 people were convicted of Rassenschande. Over time, the law was extended to include non-sexual forms of physical contact such as greeting someone with a kiss or an embrace.[58]
For the most part, Germans accepted the Nuremberg Laws, partly because Nazi propaganda had successfully swayed public opinion towards the general belief that Jews were a separate race, but also because to oppose the regime meant leaving oneself open to harassment or arrest by the Gestapo.[61][62] Citizens were relieved that the antisemitic violence ceased after the laws were passed.[63] Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores.[64] Wholesalers who continued to serve Jewish merchants were marched through the streets with placards around their necks proclaiming them as traitors.[65] The Communist party and some elements of the Catholic Church were critical of the laws.[57] Concerned that international opinion would be adversely swayed by the new laws, the Interior Ministry did not actively enforce them until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin that August.[32][61]
Beginning in 1941, Jews were required by law to self-identify by wearing a yellow badge on their clothing.[66]
The Interior Ministry estimated there were 750,000 Mischlinge as of April 1935 (studies done after the war put the number of Mischlinge at around 200,000).[57] As Jews became more and more excluded from German society, they organised social events, schools, and activities of their own.[67] Economic problems were not so easily solved, however; many Jewish firms went out of business due to lack of customers. This was part of the ongoing Aryanization process (the transfer of Jewish firms to non-Jewish owners, usually at prices far below market value) that the regime had initiated in 1933, which intensified after the Nuremberg Laws were passed.[68] Former middle-class or wealthy business owners were forced to take employment in menial jobs to support their families, and many were unable to find work at all.[69]
Although a stated goal of the Nazis was that all Jews should leave the country, emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country.[70] Anyone caught transferring their money overseas was sentenced to lengthy terms in prison as "economic saboteurs".[71] An exception was money sent to Palestine under the terms of the Haavara Agreement, whereby Jews could transfer some of their assets and emigrate to that country. Around 52,000 Jews emigrated to Palestine under the terms of this agreement between 1933 and 1939.[72]
By the start of the Second World War in 1939, around 250,000 of Germany's 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries.[73][74] By 1938 it was becoming almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country that would take them.[75] After the 1936–39 Arab revolt, the British were disinclined to accept any more Jews into Palestine for fear it would further destabilise the region.[76] Nationalistic and xenophobic people in other countries pressured their governments not to accept waves of Jewish immigrants, especially poverty-stricken ones.[77] The Madagascar Plan, a proposed mass deportation of European Jews to Madagascar, proved to be impossible to carry out.[78] Starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.[79] The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million people.[80] Estimates of the death toll of Romanis in the Porajmos range from 150,000 to 1,500,000.[81]
Legislation in other countries
Decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria for approval of The law for protection of the nation
Some of the other Axis powers passed their own versions of the Nuremberg Laws.
An original typescript of the laws signed by Hitler was found by the US Army's Counterintelligence Corps in 1945. It ended up in the possession of General George S. Patton, who kept it, in violation of orders that such finds should be turned over to the government. During a visit to Los Angeles in 1945, he handed it over to the Huntington Library, where it was stored in a bomb-proof vault. The library revealed the existence of the document in 1999, and sent it on permanent loan to the Skirball Cultural Center, which placed it on public display. The document was transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington in August 2010
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Title page of the German government gazette Reichsgesetzblatt issue proclaiming the laws, published on 16 September 1935 (RGB I No. 100)
The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze, pronounced [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁɡɐ ɡəˈzɛt͡sə] (
listen)) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans and the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens. The remainder were classed as state subjects without any citizenship rights. A supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law officially came into force on that date. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include Romani and Black people. This supplementary decree defined Romanis as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews.Out of foreign policy concerns, prosecutions under the two laws did not commence until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, they began to implement their policies, which included the formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race. Chancellor and Führer (leader) Adolf Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses on 1 April 1933, and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April, excluded non-Aryans from the legal profession and civil service. Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish authors, were destroyed in a nationwide book burning on 10 May. Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks. They were actively suppressed, stripped of their citizenship and civil rights, and eventually completely removed from German society.
The Nuremberg Laws had a crippling economic and social impact on the Jewish community. Persons convicted of violating the marriage laws were imprisoned, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps. Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores, many of which closed due to lack of customers. As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service or government-regulated professions such as medicine and education, many middle class business owners and professionals were forced to take menial employment. Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90% of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country. By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass deportation schemes such as the Madagascar Plan proved to be impossible for the Nazis to carry out, and starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.
Background
Main articles: Nazi eugenics and Nazism and race
The Nazi Party was one of several far-right political parties active in Germany after the end of the First World War.[1] The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.[2] They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.[3]
While imprisoned in 1924 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler dictated Mein Kampf to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.[4] The book is an autobiography and exposition of Hitler's ideology in which he laid out his plans for transforming German society into one based on race. In it he outlined his belief in Jewish Bolshevism, a conspiracy theory that posited the existence of an international Jewish conspiracy for world domination in which the Jews were the mortal enemy of the German people. Throughout his life Hitler never wavered in his world view as expounded in Mein Kampf.[5] The Nazi Party advocated the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community") with the aim of uniting all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische).[6]
Nazi Germany
Members of the SA picket in front of a Jewish place of business during the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, 1 April 1933.
Discrimination against Jews intensified after the Nazis seized power; following a month-long series of attacks by members of the Sturmabteilung (SA; paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party) on Jewish businesses, synagogues, and members of the legal profession, on 1 April 1933 Hitler declared a national boycott of Jewish businesses.[7] By 1933, many people who were not Nazi Party members advocated segregating Jews from the rest of German society.[8] The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933, forced all non-Aryans to retire from the legal profession and civil service.[9] Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise.[9] In 1934, the Nazi Party published a pamphlet titled "Warum Arierparagraph?" ("Why the Aryan Law?"), which summarised the perceived need for the law.[10] As part of the drive to remove Jewish influence from cultural life, members of the National Socialist Student League removed from libraries any books considered un-German, and a nationwide book burning was held on 10 May.[11] Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country.[12] Legislation passed in July 1933 stripped naturalised German Jews of their citizenship, creating a legal basis for recent immigrants (particularly Eastern European Jews) to be deported.[9] Many towns posted signs forbidding entry to Jews.[13] Throughout 1933 and 1934, Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks.[14]
Other laws promulgated in this period included the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (passed on 14 July 1933), which called for the compulsory sterilisation of people with a range of hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses.[15] Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals (passed 24 November 1933), habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilisation as well.[16] This law was also used to force the incarceration in prison or Nazi concentration camps of "social misfits" such as the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics, homeless vagrants, black people and Romani (referred to as "Gypsies").[17][18]
Reich Gypsy Law
The Central Office for Combatting Gypsies was established in 1929.[19] In December 1938 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler issued an order for "combatting the Gypsy plague". Romanis were to be categorised in terms of their Roma ancestry as a racial characteristic, rather than their previous association as 'anti-social' elements of society.[20] This work was advanced by Dr Robert Ritter of the Racial Hygiene and Population unit of the Ministry of Health, who by 1942, had produced a scale of ZM+, ZM of the first and second degree, and ZM- to reflect an individual's decreasing level of Romani ancestry.[21] This classification meant that one could be classified as Roma and subject to anti-Roma legislation on the basis of having two Roma great-great grandparents.[22] Dr Zindel of the Ministry of the Interior prepared a draft of a Reich "Gypsy Law" intended to supplement and accompany the Nuremberg Laws. According to Zindel, the "Gypsy problem" could not be dealt with by forced resettlement or imprisonment within Germany. He recommended identification and registration of all Roma, followed by sterilisation and deportation. In 1938, public health authorities were ordered to register all Roma and Roma Mischlinge.[23] Despite Himmler's interest in enacting such legislation, which he said would prevent "further intermingling of blood, and which regulates all the most pressing questions which go together with the existences of Gypsies in the living space of the German nation",[24] the regime never promulgated the "Gypsy Law".[25] In December 1942, Himmler ordered that all Roma were to be sent to Nazi concentration camps.[20]
"The Jewish problem"
The SA had nearly three million members at the start of 1934.[26]
Disenchanted with the unfulfilled promise of Nazi Party leaders to eliminate Jews from German society, SA members were eager to lash out against the Jewish minority as a way of expressing their frustrations. A Gestapo report from early 1935 stated that the rank and file of the Nazi Party would set in motion a solution to the "Jewish problem ... from below that the government would then have to follow".[27] Assaults, vandalism, and boycotts against Jews, which the Nazi government had temporarily curbed in 1934, increased again in 1935 amidst a propaganda campaign authorised at the highest levels of government.[27] Most non-party members ignored the boycotts and objected to the violence out of concern for their own safety.[28] The Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka argues that there was a disparity between the views of the Alte Kämpfer (longtime party members) and the general public, but that even those Germans who were not politically active favoured bringing in tougher new antisemitic laws in 1935.[29] The matter was raised to the forefront of the state agenda as a result of this antisemitic agitation.[30]
The Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick announced on 25 July that a law forbidding marriages between Jews and non-Jews would shortly be promulgated, and recommended that registrars should avoid issuing licences for such marriages for the time being. The draft law also called for a ban on marriage for persons with hereditary illnesses.[31]
Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, the Economics Minister and Reichsbank president, criticised the violent behaviour of the Alte Kämpfer and SA because of its negative impact on the economy.[30] The violence also had a negative impact on Germany's reputation in the international community.[32] For these reasons, Hitler ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8 August 1935, and the Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick threatened to take legal action against Nazi Party members who ignored the order.[30] From Hitler's perspective, it was imperative to quickly bring in new antisemitic laws to appease the radical elements in the party who persisted in attempting to remove the Jews from German society by violent means.[32] A conference of ministers was held on 20 August 1935 to discuss the question. Hitler argued against violent methods because of the damage being done to the economy, and insisted the matter must be settled through legislation.[33] The focus of the new laws would be marriage laws to prevent "racial defilement", stripping Jews of their German citizenship, and laws to prevent Jews from participating freely in the economy.[34]
Events at Nuremberg
Nazi Party dignitaries at the 1935 Nuremberg Rally
The seventh annual Nazi Party Rally, held in Nuremberg from 10–16 September 1935, featured the only Reichstag session held outside Berlin during the Nazi regime.[35] Hitler decided that the rally would be a good opportunity to introduce the long-awaited anti-Jewish laws.[36] In a speech on 12 September, leading Nazi physician Gerhard Wagner announced that the government would soon introduce a "law for the protection of German blood".[37] The next day, Hitler summoned the Reichstag to meet in session at Nuremberg on 15 September, the last day of the rally.[36] Franz Albrecht Medicus and Bernhard Lösener of the Interior Ministry were summoned to Nuremberg and directed to start preparing a draft of a law forbidding sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews. The two men arrived on 14 September.[38] That evening, Hitler ordered them to also have ready by morning a draft of the Reich citizenship law.[34] Hitler found the initial drafts of the Blood Law to be too lenient, so at around midnight Interior Minister Frick brought him four new drafts that differed mainly in the severity of the penalties they imposed. Hitler chose the most lenient version, but left vague the definition of who was a Jew.[39] Hitler stated at the rally that the laws were "an attempt at the legal settlement of a problem, which, if this proved a failure, would have to be entrusted by law to the National Socialist Party for a definitive solution".[40] Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had the radio broadcast of the passing of the laws cut short, and ordered the German media to not mention them until a decision was made as to how they would be implemented.[41]
Text of the laws
Nuremberg Race Laws
Reich Citizenship Law
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
The two Nuremberg Laws were unanimously passed by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935.[42] The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans, and forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households. The Reich Citizenship Law declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights.[43] The wording in the Citizenship Law that a person must prove "by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich" meant that political opponents could also be stripped of their German citizenship.[42] This law was effectively a means of stripping Jews, Roma, and other "undesirables" of their legal rights, and their citizenship.[44]
Over the coming years, an additional 13 supplementary laws were promulgated that further marginalised the Jewish community in Germany.[13] For example, Jewish families were not permitted to submit claims for subsidies for large families and were forbidden to transact business with Aryans.[45]
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
Moved by the understanding that purity of German blood is the essential condition for the continued existence of the German people, and inspired by the inflexible determination to ensure the existence of the German nation for all time, the Reichstag has unanimously adopted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
- Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden. Marriages nevertheless concluded are invalid, even if concluded abroad to circumvent this law.
- Annulment proceedings can be initiated only by the state prosecutor.[46]
Extramarital relations between Jews and citizens of German or related blood are forbidden.[46]
Article 3
Jews may not employ in their households female citizens of German or related blood who are under 45 years old.[46]
Article 4
- Jews are forbidden to fly the Reich or national flag or display Reich colours.
- They are, on the other hand, permitted to display the Jewish colours. The exercise of this right is protected by the state.[46]
- Any person who violates the prohibition under Article 1 will be punished with prison with hard labour [Zuchthaus].
- A male who violates the prohibition under Article 2 will be punished with prison [Gefängnis] or prison with hard labour.
- Any person violating the provisions under Articles 3 or 4 will be punished with prison with hard labour for up to one year and a fine, or with one or the other of these penalties.[46]
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer and the Reich Minister of Justice, will issue the legal and administrative regulations required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Article 7
The law takes effect on the day following promulgation, except for Article 3, which goes into force on 1 January 1936.[46]
Reich Citizenship Law
The Reichstag has unanimously enacted the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Article 1
- A subject of the state is a person who enjoys the protection of the German Reich and who in consequence has specific obligations toward it.
- The status of subject of the state is acquired in accordance with the provisions of the Reich and the Reich Citizenship Law.[46]
- A Reich citizen is a subject of the state who is of German or related blood, and proves by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich.
- Reich citizenship is acquired through the granting of a Reich citizenship certificate.
- The Reich citizen is the sole bearer of full political rights in accordance with the law.[46]
The Reich Minister of the Interior, in co-ordination with the Deputy of the Führer, will issue the legal and administrative orders required to implement and complete this law.[46]
Classifications under the laws
1935[47]
| Classification | Translation | Heritage | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deutschblütiger | German-blooded | German | Belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Deutschblütiger | German-blooded | 1⁄8 Jewish | Considered as belonging to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Mischling zweiten Grades | Mixed race (second degree) | 1⁄4 Jewish | Only partly belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Mischling ersten Grades | Mixed race (first degree) | 3⁄8 or 1⁄2 Jewish | Only partly belongs to the German race and nation; approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Jude | Jew | 3⁄4 Jewish | Belongs to the Jewish race and community; not approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Jude | Jew | Jewish | Belongs to the Jewish race and community; not approved to have Reich citizenship |
| Date | Decree |
|---|---|
| 15 September 1935 | A Mischling will be considered a Jew if they are a member of the Jewish religious community. |
| 15 September 1935 | A Mischling will be considered a Jew if they are married to a Jew. Their children will be considered Jews. |
| 17 September 1935 | A mixed-race child that is born of a marriage with a Jew, where the marriage date is after 17 September 1935, will be classified as a Jew. Those born in marriages officiated on or before 17 September 1935 will still be classified as Mischlinge. |
| 31 July 1936 | A mixed-race child originating from forbidden extramarital sexual intercourse with a Jew that is born out of wedlock after 31 July 1936 will be classified as a Jew. |
See also: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany
1935 chart shows racial classifications under the Nuremberg Laws: German, Mischlinge, and Jew.
While both the Interior Ministry and the Nazi Party agreed that persons with three or more Jewish grandparents would be classed as being Jewish and those with only one (Mischlinge of the second degree) would not, a debate arose as to the status of persons with two Jewish grandparents (Mischlinge of the first degree).[48] The Nazi Party, especially its more radical elements, wanted the laws to apply to Mischlinge of both the first and second degree.[49] For this reason Hitler continued to stall, and did not make a decision until early November 1935. His final ruling was that persons with three Jewish grandparents were classed as Jewish; those with two Jewish grandparents would be considered Jewish only if they practised the faith or had a Jewish spouse.[50] The supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law came into force on that date. Jews were no longer German citizens and did not have the right to vote.[51] Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote in Reichstag elections or the Anschluss.[52] Civil servants who had been granted an exemption to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service because of their status as war veterans were forced out of their jobs on this date.[51] A supplementary decree issued on 21 December ordered the dismissal of Jewish veterans from other state-regulated professions such as medicine and education.[51]
While Interior Minister Frick's suggestion that a citizenship tribunal before which every German would have to prove that they were Aryan was not acted upon, proving one's racial heritage became a necessary part of daily life.[49][53] Non-government employers were authorised to include in their statutes an Aryan paragraph excluding both Mischlinge and Jews from employment.[54] Proof of Aryan descent was achieved by obtaining an Aryan certificate. One form was to acquire an Ahnenpass, which could be obtained by providing birth or baptismal certificates that all four grandparents were of Aryan descent.[55] The Ahnenpass could also be acquired by citizens of other countries, as long as they were of "German or related blood".[56]
"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" – Parole der Woche, 1 July 1942
Under the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour (15 September 1935), marriages were forbidden between Jews and Germans; between Mischlinge of the first degree and Germans; between Jews and Mischlinge of the second degree; and between two Mischlinge of the second degree. Mischlinge of the first degree were permitted to marry Jews, but they would henceforth be classed as Jewish themselves. All marriages undertaken between half-Jews and Germans required the approval of a Committee for the Protection of German Blood. Few such permissions were granted.[54] A supplementary decree issued on 26 November 1935 extended the law to "Gypsies, Negroes, and their bastards".[57]
Persons suspected of having sexual relations with non-Aryans were charged with Rassenschande (racial defilement) and tried in the regular courts. Evidence provided to the Gestapo for such cases was largely provided by ordinary citizens such as neighbours, co-workers, or other informants.[58] Persons accused of race defilement were publicly humiliated by being paraded through the streets with a placard around their necks detailing their crime.[59] Those convicted were typically sentenced to prison terms, and (subsequent to 8 March 1938) upon completing their sentences were re-arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Nazi concentration camps.[58] As the law did not permit capital punishment for racial defilement, special courts were convened to allow the death penalty for some cases.[60] From the end of 1935 through 1940, 1,911 people were convicted of Rassenschande. Over time, the law was extended to include non-sexual forms of physical contact such as greeting someone with a kiss or an embrace.[58]
For the most part, Germans accepted the Nuremberg Laws, partly because Nazi propaganda had successfully swayed public opinion towards the general belief that Jews were a separate race, but also because to oppose the regime meant leaving oneself open to harassment or arrest by the Gestapo.[61][62] Citizens were relieved that the antisemitic violence ceased after the laws were passed.[63] Non-Jews gradually stopped socialising with Jews or shopping in Jewish-owned stores.[64] Wholesalers who continued to serve Jewish merchants were marched through the streets with placards around their necks proclaiming them as traitors.[65] The Communist party and some elements of the Catholic Church were critical of the laws.[57] Concerned that international opinion would be adversely swayed by the new laws, the Interior Ministry did not actively enforce them until after the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin that August.[32][61]
Beginning in 1941, Jews were required by law to self-identify by wearing a yellow badge on their clothing.[66]
The Interior Ministry estimated there were 750,000 Mischlinge as of April 1935 (studies done after the war put the number of Mischlinge at around 200,000).[57] As Jews became more and more excluded from German society, they organised social events, schools, and activities of their own.[67] Economic problems were not so easily solved, however; many Jewish firms went out of business due to lack of customers. This was part of the ongoing Aryanization process (the transfer of Jewish firms to non-Jewish owners, usually at prices far below market value) that the regime had initiated in 1933, which intensified after the Nuremberg Laws were passed.[68] Former middle-class or wealthy business owners were forced to take employment in menial jobs to support their families, and many were unable to find work at all.[69]
Although a stated goal of the Nazis was that all Jews should leave the country, emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to remit up to 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the country.[70] Anyone caught transferring their money overseas was sentenced to lengthy terms in prison as "economic saboteurs".[71] An exception was money sent to Palestine under the terms of the Haavara Agreement, whereby Jews could transfer some of their assets and emigrate to that country. Around 52,000 Jews emigrated to Palestine under the terms of this agreement between 1933 and 1939.[72]
By the start of the Second World War in 1939, around 250,000 of Germany's 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries.[73][74] By 1938 it was becoming almost impossible for potential Jewish emigrants to find a country that would take them.[75] After the 1936–39 Arab revolt, the British were disinclined to accept any more Jews into Palestine for fear it would further destabilise the region.[76] Nationalistic and xenophobic people in other countries pressured their governments not to accept waves of Jewish immigrants, especially poverty-stricken ones.[77] The Madagascar Plan, a proposed mass deportation of European Jews to Madagascar, proved to be impossible to carry out.[78] Starting in mid-1941, the German government started mass exterminations of the Jews of Europe.[79] The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million people.[80] Estimates of the death toll of Romanis in the Porajmos range from 150,000 to 1,500,000.[81]
Legislation in other countries
Decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria for approval of The law for protection of the nation
Some of the other Axis powers passed their own versions of the Nuremberg Laws.
- In 1938, Fascist Italy passed the Italian Racial Laws and Manifesto of Race which stripped Jews of their citizenship and forbade sexual relations and marriages between Jewish and non-Jewish Italians.[82]
- Hungary passed laws on 28 May 1938 and 5 May 1939 banning Jews from various professions. A third law, added in August 1941, defined Jews as anyone with at least two Jewish grandparents, and forbade sexual relations or marriages between Jews and non-Jews.[83]
- In 1940 the ruling Iron Guard in Romania passed the Law Defining the Legal Status of Romanian Jews,[84]
- In 1941 the Codex Judaicus was enacted in Slovakia,[85]
- In 1941 Bulgaria passed the Law for Protection of the Nation,[86]
- In 1941, the Ustaše in Croatia passed legislation defining who was a Jew and restricting contact with them.[87]
- While the Empire of Japan did not draft or pass any legislation, they were pressured by the German government to place Singaporean Jews and Indonesian Jews in internment camps during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and Singapore.[88][89]
An original typescript of the laws signed by Hitler was found by the US Army's Counterintelligence Corps in 1945. It ended up in the possession of General George S. Patton, who kept it, in violation of orders that such finds should be turned over to the government. During a visit to Los Angeles in 1945, he handed it over to the Huntington Library, where it was stored in a bomb-proof vault. The library revealed the existence of the document in 1999, and sent it on permanent loan to the Skirball Cultural Center, which placed it on public display. The document was transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington in August 2010
Касније су ти закони дограђивани, сегрегација би била "болдованија" и епилог ће имати у "коначном рјешењу јеврејског питања".
У причи је могуће занимљив однос самог Хитлера према Јеврејима, да ли се прилагођавао околностика и препустио бујици када више није било повратка са пута зла којим се пошло или је и сам имао исконски анимозитет према Јеврејима.
По свему што знамо, и из сачуваних свједочења и из његовог рукописа (мада је ту ? да ли су све идеје његове, или је ту више аутора рукописа који је постао манифестом нацистичке партије) "Моја борба", од своје најраније доби имао је усађену ако не мржњу оно снажну одбојност према Јеврејима и то је временом добијало нову димензију. А и ако није имао, спровео је неку врсту ауто индоктринације, антисемитизам је постао обиљежјем и те идеје и те политике, вјероватно и лична опсесија, да буде горе, горе по Јевреје, његови потчињени су били ефикасни како спровести замисли одабраног вође, прича која ће имати епилог у истребљењу јеврејског народа, милиона невиних.
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Jevreji imaju mnogo gore zakone zapisane u Talmudu i nikom ništa.
Pumpaj Dinstanović
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Ne vidim kakvu vezu ima ovo sa temom?
A na koji su način Jevreji napravili Prvi svetski rat i kako su doprineli nemačkom porazu u njemu?
Je li ovo nije on priča što sam je već čuo od jednog ortaka, da je velika većina tadašnjeg vodećeg sveta bilo jevrejsko, uključiv i Karađorđeviće i Nikolu Pašića i Gavrila Principa kod nas?
Kakve to ima veze sa Jevrejima? Nemci su kao gubitnici plaćali ratnu odštetu onima kojm su štetu naneli, uključujući i Srbima.
Ovako iz tvojih pisanij bi se dalo naslutiti kao da se ti zalažeš da Nemci slobodno mogu paliti i žariti po Srbiji i ubijati Srbe, pa još nepristojno ako se neko tome usprotivi ispade?
Elaboriši ovo dodatno, molim te. Šta to tačno znači i u kakvom formatu se tiče Jevreja.
Još veći je bio, verovao ili ne, nemačke narodnosti.
A kada je to, tačno, Talmud bio zakon u Nemačkoj?
Pumpaj Dinstanović
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Pa kada preskačeš cele vekove. Treba razjasniti o čemu se priča. Danas se Izraelu dopušta to što se dopušta zato što uživa protekciju najveće svetske sile. To je jedan posve savremeni fenomen. Danas isto tako (skoro da) nema Srba u Zagrebu.
Ne znam šta je zapravo tvoje pitanje.
gost 422686
Buduća legenda
- Poruka
- 27.626
Ne vidim kakvu vezu ima ovo sa temom?
A na koji su način Jevreji napravili Prvi svetski rat i kako su doprineli nemačkom porazu u njemu?
Je li ovo nije on priča što sam je već čuo od jednog ortaka, da je velika većina tadašnjeg vodećeg sveta bilo jevrejsko, uključiv i Karađorđeviće i Nikolu Pašića i Gavrila Principa kod nas?
Kakve to ima veze sa Jevrejima? Nemci su kao gubitnici plaćali ratnu odštetu onima kojm su štetu naneli, uključujući i Srbima.
Ovako iz tvojih pisanij bi se dalo naslutiti kao da se ti zalažeš da Nemci slobodno mogu paliti i žariti po Srbiji i ubijati Srbe, pa još nepristojno ako se neko tome usprotivi ispade?
Elaboriši ovo dodatno, molim te. Šta to tačno znači i u kakvom formatu se tiče Jevreja.
Još veći je bio, verovao ili ne, nemačke narodnosti.
A kada je to, tačno, Talmud bio zakon u Nemačkoj?
1. Kako nema veze sa temom? Valjda je to srž teme.
2. Sprovodeći svoj zločinački plan o svetskoj dominaciji nad svetom jevreji su napravili 1 svetski rat iz tri razloga:
A. Profit.
B. Dominacija nad ne jevrejima i svetom.
C. Da se ne jevrejski narodi tako zakrve da više nikada ne mogu da budu složni.
3. Profit od nemačke ratne odštete išao je u jevrejske banke ili u banke pod kontrolom jevreja.
4. U talmudu piše da su ne jevreji psi, svinje, stoka i da treba da budu robovi ili istrebljivani.
Koncentracioni logori su bili "poduhvat" koji je ukljucivao milione ljudi.
SS organizacija, ili specificnije tzv. SS-Totenkopfverbände su ogranak NSDAP, politicke partije pod vodjstvom Adolfa Hitlera.
Cak i kad bi rekli da nekim cudom Hitler nije bio svestan zlocina koji su se desavali na MASOVNOJ razmeri sirom drzave, on je odgovoran za njih kao vodja drzave i vodja organizacija koje su vrsile eksterminaciju toliko nevinih ljudi.
Ponavljam, cak i da apsolutno nikakvu krivicu Hitler nema za sva desavanja, on je bio na celu vlasti tog rezima. Samim tim, on snosi odgovornost.
Nema tu vise polemike.
SS organizacija, ili specificnije tzv. SS-Totenkopfverbände su ogranak NSDAP, politicke partije pod vodjstvom Adolfa Hitlera.
Cak i kad bi rekli da nekim cudom Hitler nije bio svestan zlocina koji su se desavali na MASOVNOJ razmeri sirom drzave, on je odgovoran za njih kao vodja drzave i vodja organizacija koje su vrsile eksterminaciju toliko nevinih ljudi.
Ponavljam, cak i da apsolutno nikakvu krivicu Hitler nema za sva desavanja, on je bio na celu vlasti tog rezima. Samim tim, on snosi odgovornost.
Nema tu vise polemike.
Pumpaj Dinstanović
Zaslužan član
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- 105.126
Ovaj...pa ne, i nema. Da Jevreji čine srž nemačke elite (a što nisu) opet nikakvog uticaja ne bi imalo po Hitlerovu kriminalnu odgovornost, vezano za stvari za koje ga optužuju.
Bukvalno niđe veze.To je jedna priča, ali ja te nisam pitao za motive oko nečega što se dogodilo, već da čujem šta se to tačno dogodilo. Da li je neki Jevrein kidnapovao neke članove porodice kajzera Viljema i ucenio ga da Nemačka mora napasti Belgiju ili će se nešto loše dogoditi toj osobi (karikiram malčice, ali recimo)? Ili ti pokušavaš možda da kažeš da su neke jevreske grupe bile organizatori Sarajevskog atentata 1914. godine?
P. S. Profit? Kakav crni profit; nije bilo nikakvog profita tu.
Količina ratne odštete koju su Nemci isplatili, izrazito je nesrazmerna materijalnoj šteti koju su naneli pobednicima rata.Vezano za ovo imam dva pitanja:
1. Postoje li neki dokazi koji bi mogli potvrditi da je to što si napisao tačno?
2. Da li je tvoj stav da Nemačka nije trebalo uopšte da isplaćuje ratnu odštetu, ili da je samo bila prevelika? Mogao bih se složiti sa tobom, recimo, da su ekonomski uslovi po Nemačku bili dosta teški s obzirom na sve okolnosti (Austrija se izvukla jer je bilo procenjeno da para jednostavno nema), ali - ispravi me ako grešim - imam osećaj kao da ti uopšte nemaš u vidu da je Nemačka taj rat izgubila i da je vodila agresivni rat protiv Rusa, Francuza, Belgijanaca, pa i tvog naroda. Da li ti imaš na umu materijalnu štetu koja je bila u Prvom svetskom ratu naneta dejstvom naoružanih snaga Nemačkog carstva, silama Antante i njenim saveznicima?
Nisam pitao šta piše u talmudu, već kada je to bio primenjeni zakon na tlu Nemačke.
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