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Ljubitelji zivotinja /VEGETARIJANCI
- Začetnik teme mari47
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mimi's mom
Buduća legenda
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Vecina pcelara, cim se spari.
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Cudno?! Nikada mi to niko od njih nije rekao. A, zasto kidaju? A je l' mogu da ne kidaju?
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Pcelari kidaju krila matici, nece valjda golubari.
Uzmi prirucnik za pcelarstao. To sto ti pricas je suplja prica.
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Although there were 3,500 native species of bees pollinating the flowers and food crops of North America when European settlers landed on its shores in the 17th century, the colonists were interested only in their Old World honeybees' wax and honey. They imported the insects, and by the mid-1800s, both feral and domesticated colonies of honeybees were scattered all over the United States.(1) As a result of disease, pesticides, and climate changes, the honeybee population has been nearly decimated, but since the demand for their honey and other products remains high, these tiny animals are factory-farmed, much like chickens, pigs, and cows are.
The Complex Lives of Bees
A honeybee hive consists of tens of thousands of bees, each with his or her own mission that is determined by the bee's sex and age as well as by the time of year. Each hive usually has one queen, hundreds of drones, and thousands of workers. Queens can live for as long as seven years, while other bees have lifespans ranging from a few weeks to six months.(2)
Worker bees are responsible for feeding the brood, caring for the queen, building comb, foraging for nectar and pollen, and cleaning, ventilating, and guarding the hive. The drones serve the queen, who is responsible for reproduction. She lays about 250,000 eggs each year—and as many as 1 million over the course of her lifetime.(3)
When a new queen is about to be born, the old queen and half the hive leave their old home and set up in a new place that scouting worker bees have found.(4)
As the temperature drops in the winter, the bees cluster around the queen and the young, using their body heat to keep the temperature inside the hive steady at around 93°F.(5)
A Language All Their Own
Bees have a unique and complex form of communication based on sight, motion, and scent that scientists and scholars still don't fully understand.(6) Bees alert other members of their hive to food, new hive locations, and conditions within their hive (such as nectar supply) through intricate "dance" movements.(7)
Studies have shown that bees are capable of abstract thinking as well as distinguishing their family members from other bees in the hive, using visual cues to map their travels, and finding a previously used food supply, even when their home has been moved.(8,9,10) And much like smells can invoke powerful memories for humans, bees use their sense of smell to trigger memories of where the best food can be found.(11)
Why Bees Need Their Honey
Plants produce nectar to attract pollinators (bees, butterflies, bats, and other mammals), who are necessary for successful plant reproduction. Bees collect and use nectar to make honey, which provides vital nourishment for them, especially during the winter. Since nectar contains a lot of water, bees have to work to dry it out, and they add enzymes from their own bodies to convert it into food and prevent it from going bad.(12) A single worker bee may visit up to 10,000 flowers in one day and, in his or her lifetime, produce a teaspoon of honey.(13)
The Complex Lives of Bees
A honeybee hive consists of tens of thousands of bees, each with his or her own mission that is determined by the bee's sex and age as well as by the time of year. Each hive usually has one queen, hundreds of drones, and thousands of workers. Queens can live for as long as seven years, while other bees have lifespans ranging from a few weeks to six months.(2)
Worker bees are responsible for feeding the brood, caring for the queen, building comb, foraging for nectar and pollen, and cleaning, ventilating, and guarding the hive. The drones serve the queen, who is responsible for reproduction. She lays about 250,000 eggs each year—and as many as 1 million over the course of her lifetime.(3)
When a new queen is about to be born, the old queen and half the hive leave their old home and set up in a new place that scouting worker bees have found.(4)
As the temperature drops in the winter, the bees cluster around the queen and the young, using their body heat to keep the temperature inside the hive steady at around 93°F.(5)
A Language All Their Own
Bees have a unique and complex form of communication based on sight, motion, and scent that scientists and scholars still don't fully understand.(6) Bees alert other members of their hive to food, new hive locations, and conditions within their hive (such as nectar supply) through intricate "dance" movements.(7)
Studies have shown that bees are capable of abstract thinking as well as distinguishing their family members from other bees in the hive, using visual cues to map their travels, and finding a previously used food supply, even when their home has been moved.(8,9,10) And much like smells can invoke powerful memories for humans, bees use their sense of smell to trigger memories of where the best food can be found.(11)
Why Bees Need Their Honey
Plants produce nectar to attract pollinators (bees, butterflies, bats, and other mammals), who are necessary for successful plant reproduction. Bees collect and use nectar to make honey, which provides vital nourishment for them, especially during the winter. Since nectar contains a lot of water, bees have to work to dry it out, and they add enzymes from their own bodies to convert it into food and prevent it from going bad.(12) A single worker bee may visit up to 10,000 flowers in one day and, in his or her lifetime, produce a teaspoon of honey.(13)
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Honeybees Do Not Pollinate as Well as Native Bees
Approximately one out of every three mouthfuls of food or drink that humans consume is made possible by pollinators—insects, birds, and mammals pollinate about 75 percent of all food crops.(14) Industrial beekeepers want consumers to believe that honey is just a byproduct of the necessary pollination provided by honeybees, but honeybees are not as good at pollinating as many truly wild bees, such as bumblebees and carpenter and digger bees. Native bees are active earlier in the spring, both male and females pollinate, and they are unaffected by mites and Africanized bees, which can harm honeybees.(15) But because most species of native bees hibernate for as many as 11 months out of the year and do not live in large colonies, they do not produce massive amounts of honey, and the little that they do produce is not worth the effort required to steal it from them.(16,17) So although native bees are more effective pollinators, farmers continue to rely on factory-farmed honeybees for pollination so that the honey industry can take in excess of 174 million pounds of honey every year, at a value of more than $157 million.(18)
Manipulating Nature
Profiting from honey requires the manipulation and exploitation of the insects’ desire to live and protect their hive. Like other factory-farmed animals, honeybees are victims of unnatural living conditions, genetic manipulation, and stressful transportation.
The familiar white box that serves as a beehive has been around since the mid-1850s and was created so that beekeepers could move the hives from place to place. The New York Times reported that bees have been “moved from shapes that accommodated their own geometry to flat-topped tenements, sentenced to life in file cabinets.”(19)
Since "swarming" (the division of the hive upon the birth of a new queen) can cause a decline in honey production, beekeepers do what they can to prevent it, including clipping the wings of a new queen, killing and replacing an older queen after just one or two years, and confining a queen who is trying to begin a swarm.(20,21) Queens are artificially inseminated using drones, who are killed in the process.(22) Commercial beekeepers also “trick” queens into laying more eggs by adding wax cells to the hive that are larger than those that worker bees would normally build.(23)
Honeybee populations have declined by as much as 50 percent since the 1980s, in part because of parasitic mites, but more recently, millions of honeybees in farmed colonies have succumbed to a disease called Colony Collapse Disorder, for which scientists have yet to find a cause.(24,25) BeeCulture magazine reports that beekeepers are notorious for contributing to the spread of disease: "Beekeepers move infected combs from diseased colonies to healthy colonies, fail to recognize or treat disease, purchase old infected equipment, keep colonies too close together, [and] leave dead colonies in apiaries."(26) Artificial diets, provided because farmers take the honey that bees would normally eat, leave bees susceptible to sickness and attack from other insects.(27) When diseases are detected, beekeepers are advised to "destroy the colony and burn the equipment," which can mean burning or gassing the bees to death.(28)
Since it's increasingly difficult to find healthy honeybees, farmers have resorted to trucking hives across the country. When asked to examine 2,000 beehives rented by a New Jersey cranberry farmer, retired apiary inspectors found "about 500 colonies with equipment in such bad shape that [it] would not even qualify as junk … mice nests, old feeders full of comb, rotten hive with bees coming out from all over." The hives were also made of wood that was labeled as having been treated with arsenic and was, therefore, unsuitable for beehives.(29)
What You Can Do
Avoid honey, beeswax, propolis, royal jelly, and other products that come from bees. Vegan lip balms and candles are readily available. Rice syrup, molasses, sorghum, barley malt, maple syrup, and dried fruit or fruit concentrates can be used to replace honey in recipes.
Approximately one out of every three mouthfuls of food or drink that humans consume is made possible by pollinators—insects, birds, and mammals pollinate about 75 percent of all food crops.(14) Industrial beekeepers want consumers to believe that honey is just a byproduct of the necessary pollination provided by honeybees, but honeybees are not as good at pollinating as many truly wild bees, such as bumblebees and carpenter and digger bees. Native bees are active earlier in the spring, both male and females pollinate, and they are unaffected by mites and Africanized bees, which can harm honeybees.(15) But because most species of native bees hibernate for as many as 11 months out of the year and do not live in large colonies, they do not produce massive amounts of honey, and the little that they do produce is not worth the effort required to steal it from them.(16,17) So although native bees are more effective pollinators, farmers continue to rely on factory-farmed honeybees for pollination so that the honey industry can take in excess of 174 million pounds of honey every year, at a value of more than $157 million.(18)
Manipulating Nature
Profiting from honey requires the manipulation and exploitation of the insects’ desire to live and protect their hive. Like other factory-farmed animals, honeybees are victims of unnatural living conditions, genetic manipulation, and stressful transportation.
The familiar white box that serves as a beehive has been around since the mid-1850s and was created so that beekeepers could move the hives from place to place. The New York Times reported that bees have been “moved from shapes that accommodated their own geometry to flat-topped tenements, sentenced to life in file cabinets.”(19)
Since "swarming" (the division of the hive upon the birth of a new queen) can cause a decline in honey production, beekeepers do what they can to prevent it, including clipping the wings of a new queen, killing and replacing an older queen after just one or two years, and confining a queen who is trying to begin a swarm.(20,21) Queens are artificially inseminated using drones, who are killed in the process.(22) Commercial beekeepers also “trick” queens into laying more eggs by adding wax cells to the hive that are larger than those that worker bees would normally build.(23)
Honeybee populations have declined by as much as 50 percent since the 1980s, in part because of parasitic mites, but more recently, millions of honeybees in farmed colonies have succumbed to a disease called Colony Collapse Disorder, for which scientists have yet to find a cause.(24,25) BeeCulture magazine reports that beekeepers are notorious for contributing to the spread of disease: "Beekeepers move infected combs from diseased colonies to healthy colonies, fail to recognize or treat disease, purchase old infected equipment, keep colonies too close together, [and] leave dead colonies in apiaries."(26) Artificial diets, provided because farmers take the honey that bees would normally eat, leave bees susceptible to sickness and attack from other insects.(27) When diseases are detected, beekeepers are advised to "destroy the colony and burn the equipment," which can mean burning or gassing the bees to death.(28)
Since it's increasingly difficult to find healthy honeybees, farmers have resorted to trucking hives across the country. When asked to examine 2,000 beehives rented by a New Jersey cranberry farmer, retired apiary inspectors found "about 500 colonies with equipment in such bad shape that [it] would not even qualify as junk … mice nests, old feeders full of comb, rotten hive with bees coming out from all over." The hives were also made of wood that was labeled as having been treated with arsenic and was, therefore, unsuitable for beehives.(29)
What You Can Do
Avoid honey, beeswax, propolis, royal jelly, and other products that come from bees. Vegan lip balms and candles are readily available. Rice syrup, molasses, sorghum, barley malt, maple syrup, and dried fruit or fruit concentrates can be used to replace honey in recipes.
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References
1) Sue Hubbell, “Trouble With Honeybees,” Natural History 106 (1997): 32-42.
2) Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium, “The Colony and Its Organization,” Fundamentals of Beekeeping.
3) Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium.
4) Norbert M. Kauffeld, “Seasonal Cycles of Activities in Honey Bee Colonies,” Beekeeping in the United States, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural HandBook Number 335, 1980.
5) Kauffeld.
6) Fred C. Dyer, “When It Pays to Waggle,” Nature 31 Oct. 2002.
7) Carl Anderson and Francis L.W. Ratnieks, “Worker Allocation in Insect Societies: Coordination of Nectar Foragers and Nectar Receivers in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1999): 73-81.
8) Martin Glurfa, “The Concepts of ‘Sameness’ and ‘Difference’ in an Insect,” Nature 19 Apr. 2001.
9) Fred C. Dyer, “Spatial Memory and Navigation by Honeybees on the Scale of the Foraging Range,” The Journal of Experimental Biology 199 (1996): 147-54.
10) Gerard Arnold et al., “Kin Recognition in Honeybees,” Nature 8 Feb. 1996.
11) Judith Reinhard et al., “Scent-Triggered Navigation in Honeybees,” Nature 29 Jan. 2004.
12) Maryann Frazier, “Honey—Here’s to Your Health,” Beeaware: Notes & News on Bees & Beekeeping, Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium, Jan. 2003.
13) Ann Evans, “Exploring Hive of Activity,” Coventry Evening Telegraph 18 Jun. 2005.
14) “The Value of Pollinators,” Pollinator Declines Node, National Biological Information Infrastructure, U.S. Geological Service.
15) Lane Greer, “Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees,” Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Aug. 1999.
16) Greer.
17) Greer.
18) Agricultural Statistics Board, “Honey,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, 28 Feb. 2006.
19) Anne Raver, “Bees Buzz a Path to His Hive,” The New York Times 31 May 2001.
20) Raver.
21) Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, “Apiculture Factsheet,” Factsheet #404, Nov. 2005.
22) Peter Schley, “Short Instruction”.
23) Raver.
24) Michelle Boorstein, “Beekeepers Struggle to Save Buzz,” The Washington Post 25 Apr. 2004.
25) “Mystery Ailment Devastates Bee Industry,” Associated Press, 11 Feb. 2007.
26) Nicolas Calderone, “Managing Brood Diseases,” BeeCulture May 2001.
27) Dee A. Lusby, “Suggested Biological Manipulative Field Management for Control of Honeybee Mites. Part #1 Concept & Causes,” BeeSource.com, 2000.
28) Calderone.
29) Dewey M. Caron, “Pollination Rental Colony Assessments,” Beeaware: Notes & News on Bees & Beekeeping, Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium, Jan. 2003.
1) Sue Hubbell, “Trouble With Honeybees,” Natural History 106 (1997): 32-42.
2) Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium, “The Colony and Its Organization,” Fundamentals of Beekeeping.
3) Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium.
4) Norbert M. Kauffeld, “Seasonal Cycles of Activities in Honey Bee Colonies,” Beekeeping in the United States, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural HandBook Number 335, 1980.
5) Kauffeld.
6) Fred C. Dyer, “When It Pays to Waggle,” Nature 31 Oct. 2002.
7) Carl Anderson and Francis L.W. Ratnieks, “Worker Allocation in Insect Societies: Coordination of Nectar Foragers and Nectar Receivers in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1999): 73-81.
8) Martin Glurfa, “The Concepts of ‘Sameness’ and ‘Difference’ in an Insect,” Nature 19 Apr. 2001.
9) Fred C. Dyer, “Spatial Memory and Navigation by Honeybees on the Scale of the Foraging Range,” The Journal of Experimental Biology 199 (1996): 147-54.
10) Gerard Arnold et al., “Kin Recognition in Honeybees,” Nature 8 Feb. 1996.
11) Judith Reinhard et al., “Scent-Triggered Navigation in Honeybees,” Nature 29 Jan. 2004.
12) Maryann Frazier, “Honey—Here’s to Your Health,” Beeaware: Notes & News on Bees & Beekeeping, Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium, Jan. 2003.
13) Ann Evans, “Exploring Hive of Activity,” Coventry Evening Telegraph 18 Jun. 2005.
14) “The Value of Pollinators,” Pollinator Declines Node, National Biological Information Infrastructure, U.S. Geological Service.
15) Lane Greer, “Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees,” Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Aug. 1999.
16) Greer.
17) Greer.
18) Agricultural Statistics Board, “Honey,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, 28 Feb. 2006.
19) Anne Raver, “Bees Buzz a Path to His Hive,” The New York Times 31 May 2001.
20) Raver.
21) Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, “Apiculture Factsheet,” Factsheet #404, Nov. 2005.
22) Peter Schley, “Short Instruction”.
23) Raver.
24) Michelle Boorstein, “Beekeepers Struggle to Save Buzz,” The Washington Post 25 Apr. 2004.
25) “Mystery Ailment Devastates Bee Industry,” Associated Press, 11 Feb. 2007.
26) Nicolas Calderone, “Managing Brood Diseases,” BeeCulture May 2001.
27) Dee A. Lusby, “Suggested Biological Manipulative Field Management for Control of Honeybee Mites. Part #1 Concept & Causes,” BeeSource.com, 2000.
28) Calderone.
29) Dewey M. Caron, “Pollination Rental Colony Assessments,” Beeaware: Notes & News on Bees & Beekeeping, Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium, Jan. 2003.
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What’s wrong with eating honey?
Unfortunately, like factory farmers, many beekeepers take inhumane steps to ensure personal safety and reach production quotas. It’s not unusual for larger honey producers to cut off the queen bee’s wings so that she can’t leave the colony or to have her artificially inseminated on a bee-sized version of the factory farm "rape rack." When the keeper wants to move a queen to a new colony, she is carried with "bodyguard" bees, all of whom—if they survive transport—will be killed by bees in the new colony. Large commercial operations may also take all the honey instead of leaving the 60 pounds or so that bees need to get through the winter. They replace the rich honey with a cheap sugar substitute that is not as fortifying. In colder areas, if the keepers consider it too costly to keep the bees alive through the winter, they destroy the hives by pouring gasoline on them and setting them on fire. Also, bees are often killed or have their wings and legs torn off by haphazard handling. According to the Cook-DuPage Beekeepers Association, humans have been using honey since about 15,000 B.C., but it wasn’t until the 20th century that people turned bees into factory-farmed animals. Happily, many sweeteners are made without killing bees: Rice syrup, molasses, sorghum, Sucanat, barley malt, maple syrup, cane sugar, and dried fruit or fruit concentrates can replace honey in recipes. Using these will keep your diet bee-free.
Unfortunately, like factory farmers, many beekeepers take inhumane steps to ensure personal safety and reach production quotas. It’s not unusual for larger honey producers to cut off the queen bee’s wings so that she can’t leave the colony or to have her artificially inseminated on a bee-sized version of the factory farm "rape rack." When the keeper wants to move a queen to a new colony, she is carried with "bodyguard" bees, all of whom—if they survive transport—will be killed by bees in the new colony. Large commercial operations may also take all the honey instead of leaving the 60 pounds or so that bees need to get through the winter. They replace the rich honey with a cheap sugar substitute that is not as fortifying. In colder areas, if the keepers consider it too costly to keep the bees alive through the winter, they destroy the hives by pouring gasoline on them and setting them on fire. Also, bees are often killed or have their wings and legs torn off by haphazard handling. According to the Cook-DuPage Beekeepers Association, humans have been using honey since about 15,000 B.C., but it wasn’t until the 20th century that people turned bees into factory-farmed animals. Happily, many sweeteners are made without killing bees: Rice syrup, molasses, sorghum, Sucanat, barley malt, maple syrup, cane sugar, and dried fruit or fruit concentrates can replace honey in recipes. Using these will keep your diet bee-free.
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Many people who understand the cruelty involved in factory farming and are morally opposed to eating meat find it less obvious that the lowly honeybee should also be of ethical concern. Just who are these honeybees, anyway? And what's the big deal about sharing a bit of their honey in a symbiotic relationship that gives them free access to billions of flowers, full of the nectar they so like to collect?
Beekeeping is big business, to be sure: 15 to 30 percent of all food crops depend on bees for pollination. Like all factory farming, beekeeping has morphed into an industrial process which puts profits ahead of animal concerns. Commercial beekeepers truck some 2.4 million hives all over the country to track seasonal crops. These journeys clobber the bees with physiological stress, pesticides, diseases, and related disorders. Even small outfits and hobbyists subject their bees to cruelty, such as cutting off the queen's wings so that she can't swarm. Honeybees are thought to have originated in the tropics; winter mortality in temperate zones remains a serious issue. And recently, colonies across the world have been decimated by colony collapse disorder (CCD), a result of the abuses that we have wrought against these fascinating creatures. The range of pesticides, fungicides, and invasive procedures it takes to make bee hives profitable is staggering, and it is not yet clear what combination of these offenses is exterminating so many bees.
But so what: A bee is just an insect, a miniature biological robot, is it not? Who cares, as long as the crops are pollinated and there's honey on the table? And how else could we pollinate all those plants, anyway–by hand, with a tiny paintbrush? Actually, there are 20,000 to 30,000 other native bee species who are quite up to the task, without factory farming them. To let nature take her course, however, we must stop destroying the diversity of ecological systems.
These marvelous creatures are famous for their sophisticated cognitive feats. Many other insects are similarly talented, of course, but they haven't been as well studied. We know that honeybees process massive amounts of information about flowers, locations, and the behavior and physiological status of other bees in the hive, not to mention their ages, weather, and the seasons. As they mature, young worker bees progress through a series of nest-keeping chores before graduating to the task of foraging for nectar outside the hive. Consider for a moment the decisions that a foraging bee makes as he or she visits a number of different places and flowers on a trip from the nest. Where are the best flowers in relation to the hive, which individual flower to visit next, how to harvest the nectar from that particular flower, how long to stay in that patch, where to search next, how much nectar to load up with before returning to the hive, and oh, yeah, what direction is the hive from that location and how far is it?
When they do find good flowers, bees advertise them to everyone else in the hive with their famous waggle dance. In route, they use landmarks to guide their flights; they can recall their surroundings and remember visual images. For years, researchers have thought that honeybees must have some sort of "cognitive map"–a mental representation of local geography–to navigate by, because their bearings and routes to and from the nest are so nuanced and accurate. Recent work has brought the notion of cognitive maps up for reconsideration, but the bottom line remains: The mental life of bees includes decision-making that would indicate conscious awareness if performed by vertebrate animals. This is not hard-wired robotic behavior. Honeybees change their minds when conditions change. When looking for a new nest location, for example, scouts report back to the hive and spread the word to their sisters. The scouts will then visit the sites recommended by others, and if they are convinced that the suggested location is better than their previous choice, they change their vote and spread the word to the rest of the hive about the better site. Let that sink in for a moment. Do honeybees think? I leave that question open for comments.
Do bees suffer as a result of agricultural manipulation? Of course they do. And whether or not honeybees are consciously aware of the insults that we inflict upon them, they are so very alive and engaging that I could not bring it upon myself to kill one just because I can, or just for some honey. Nor would I want to invade their nest, cut off their wings, relocate them, and subject them to toxic pesticides, environmental stress, diseases, infections, and all the rest that beekeeping bestows upon them. Live and let others live. Be free and allow others to be free.
That's why I don't eat honey, but please pass me the maple syrup and agave nectar
Beekeeping is big business, to be sure: 15 to 30 percent of all food crops depend on bees for pollination. Like all factory farming, beekeeping has morphed into an industrial process which puts profits ahead of animal concerns. Commercial beekeepers truck some 2.4 million hives all over the country to track seasonal crops. These journeys clobber the bees with physiological stress, pesticides, diseases, and related disorders. Even small outfits and hobbyists subject their bees to cruelty, such as cutting off the queen's wings so that she can't swarm. Honeybees are thought to have originated in the tropics; winter mortality in temperate zones remains a serious issue. And recently, colonies across the world have been decimated by colony collapse disorder (CCD), a result of the abuses that we have wrought against these fascinating creatures. The range of pesticides, fungicides, and invasive procedures it takes to make bee hives profitable is staggering, and it is not yet clear what combination of these offenses is exterminating so many bees.
But so what: A bee is just an insect, a miniature biological robot, is it not? Who cares, as long as the crops are pollinated and there's honey on the table? And how else could we pollinate all those plants, anyway–by hand, with a tiny paintbrush? Actually, there are 20,000 to 30,000 other native bee species who are quite up to the task, without factory farming them. To let nature take her course, however, we must stop destroying the diversity of ecological systems.
These marvelous creatures are famous for their sophisticated cognitive feats. Many other insects are similarly talented, of course, but they haven't been as well studied. We know that honeybees process massive amounts of information about flowers, locations, and the behavior and physiological status of other bees in the hive, not to mention their ages, weather, and the seasons. As they mature, young worker bees progress through a series of nest-keeping chores before graduating to the task of foraging for nectar outside the hive. Consider for a moment the decisions that a foraging bee makes as he or she visits a number of different places and flowers on a trip from the nest. Where are the best flowers in relation to the hive, which individual flower to visit next, how to harvest the nectar from that particular flower, how long to stay in that patch, where to search next, how much nectar to load up with before returning to the hive, and oh, yeah, what direction is the hive from that location and how far is it?
When they do find good flowers, bees advertise them to everyone else in the hive with their famous waggle dance. In route, they use landmarks to guide their flights; they can recall their surroundings and remember visual images. For years, researchers have thought that honeybees must have some sort of "cognitive map"–a mental representation of local geography–to navigate by, because their bearings and routes to and from the nest are so nuanced and accurate. Recent work has brought the notion of cognitive maps up for reconsideration, but the bottom line remains: The mental life of bees includes decision-making that would indicate conscious awareness if performed by vertebrate animals. This is not hard-wired robotic behavior. Honeybees change their minds when conditions change. When looking for a new nest location, for example, scouts report back to the hive and spread the word to their sisters. The scouts will then visit the sites recommended by others, and if they are convinced that the suggested location is better than their previous choice, they change their vote and spread the word to the rest of the hive about the better site. Let that sink in for a moment. Do honeybees think? I leave that question open for comments.
Do bees suffer as a result of agricultural manipulation? Of course they do. And whether or not honeybees are consciously aware of the insults that we inflict upon them, they are so very alive and engaging that I could not bring it upon myself to kill one just because I can, or just for some honey. Nor would I want to invade their nest, cut off their wings, relocate them, and subject them to toxic pesticides, environmental stress, diseases, infections, and all the rest that beekeeping bestows upon them. Live and let others live. Be free and allow others to be free.
That's why I don't eat honey, but please pass me the maple syrup and agave nectar
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Znaci ako tebi niko nije rekao onda ne postoji ? Evo ja ti kazem sada postoji, zadovoljna ?
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Niko mi nije rekao i ne postoji. Otkud znam JA, ko si ti? Mozda si ti iz lobija, koji gura vestacki med.
mimi's mom
Buduća legenda
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Kao vegan, AR svakako ne koristi med. A kao neko ko je ucio o pcelama, ja kazem da se maticama u nekim uslovima intenzivnog gajenja posle sparivanja otkidaju krila.
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Ja sam imala decka, koji je kao hobbu gajio pcele. U Izraelu sam provodila leta u kibucima, gde su ljudi gajili - pcele. Niko to nije pricao i ije radio. Kako to sada ovde se radi? Kako je to sad samo u Srbiji obicaj?
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Psi i macke vegani
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Psi i macke vegani
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Ali G- Animal Rights
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I moje pudlice i civava su vegetarijanke, mada neke nece da piju mleko. Ja pre mislim da izmisljaju.
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mimi's mom
Buduća legenda
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Iz nekog razloga danas ne vidim snimke. Izvini, AR, ali negde mora da se podvuce crta. Slavili smo Petkovdan i primecujem sa koliko entuzijazma moji ljubimci prilaze posudama za hranu u kojima ima i ostataka jagnjeceg i praseceg pecenja u odnosu samo na granule u kojima je baza biljna.
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Znaci da jedu i granulice gde je baza biljna.
Povlacenje crte je jako relativna stvar, kakv je polozaj pasa i macka bio u Yugoslaviji pre 30-godina, a kakv je danas ? Koliko danas ima vetrinarskih ordinacija i radnji za kucne ljubimce,a koliko je bilo pre ?
Psi i macke su mesozderi, koji mogu da predju na vegansku hranu i samim smanjice se broj masakriranih zivotinja u klanicama.
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mimi's mom
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Ne moze nista na silu. Niti njima odgovara takva ishrana. Daj, razmisli, koje namirnice ulaze u te alternativne varijante? Pretpostavljam mahunarke? Znas li sta u sistemu za varenje jednog psa napravi jedna porcija mahunarki? Nuklearnu katastrofu, blago receno. A macke su jos osetljivije i jos ekskluzivniji mesozderi, njima biljna baza u granulama cak i smeta, zato moj macak i voli da lovi.
I jos nesto: lepa rec gvozdena vrata otvara, pokusaj da malo promenis pristup, mozda nekoga i pridobijes za to za sta se zalazemo i ti i ja.
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Proizvodnja vege hrane za pse i macke na zapadu funkcionise vec godinama. Moje macke jedu i dobro se osecaju (jedanput godisnje kod veterinara sto se potvrdi na pregledu).
http://www.veggiepets.com/
Ta hrana postoji i jedan broj kucnih ljubimaca u Americi je presao na tu ishranu. To je cinjenica.
Luvrentina
Početnik
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Ova tema bi trebalo da je zapoceta zbog nasilja nad zivotinjama, i to je u redu, postujem sve vegeterijance i podrzavam iako nisam jedan od njih. jedino mi je zao sto se i zavrsava nasiljem nad zivotinjama!!!
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ma kako da radim na liscu,kako da treniram,kako da funkcionisem normalno ???? nikako
na toj hrani mozes biti kao polu mrtav.vegetirati a ne ziveti !
na toj hrani mozes biti kao polu mrtav.vegetirati a ne ziveti !
