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Ethnic categorization in the slave market of Crete
Let's review the ethnic categorization in the medieval documents of Venetian slave market notarial deeds. Venetian notaries recorded hundreds of slave sales in which slaves are categorized by their respective Venetian notary. Of course, we are talking about ethnic terms as the Venetian notaries understood them at the time.
Charles Verlinden has written extensively about the slave trade in the eastern Mediterranean and his notarial deeds in the late Middle Ages (14th-15th centuries): Charles Verlinden (1962), La Crète, débouché et plaque tournante de la traite des esclaves aux XIVe et XVe siècles, Amintore Fanfani, Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani III: Medioevo (Milano A. Giuffrè 1962), pp. 593-669.
The slave market of Crete (Candia) was the most important slave market in the eastern Mediterranean.
The ethnic composition of the slaves of the Genoese slave trade in the Black Sea included the Tatars (by far the most common ethnicity of the slaves there), Russians, Alans, Cumans, Circassians, etc. These typical ethnicities of the Black Sea / Genoese slave trade constituted about 28% of the slaves trafficked into the Venetian slave market in Crete, which, according to Verlinden, is an indication of the high commercial activity of the Genoese.
I won't go into too much detail, but here is a sample list of slaves in Crete per Venetian notary Manoli Bresciano: Bulgarians, Serbs, Vlachs, Arvanites, and many others.
Let's review the ethnic categorization in the medieval documents of Venetian slave market notarial deeds. Venetian notaries recorded hundreds of slave sales in which slaves are categorized by their respective Venetian notary. Of course, we are talking about ethnic terms as the Venetian notaries understood them at the time.
Charles Verlinden has written extensively about the slave trade in the eastern Mediterranean and his notarial deeds in the late Middle Ages (14th-15th centuries): Charles Verlinden (1962), La Crète, débouché et plaque tournante de la traite des esclaves aux XIVe et XVe siècles, Amintore Fanfani, Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani III: Medioevo (Milano A. Giuffrè 1962), pp. 593-669.
The slave market of Crete (Candia) was the most important slave market in the eastern Mediterranean.
The ethnic composition of the slaves of the Genoese slave trade in the Black Sea included the Tatars (by far the most common ethnicity of the slaves there), Russians, Alans, Cumans, Circassians, etc. These typical ethnicities of the Black Sea / Genoese slave trade constituted about 28% of the slaves trafficked into the Venetian slave market in Crete, which, according to Verlinden, is an indication of the high commercial activity of the Genoese.
I won't go into too much detail, but here is a sample list of slaves in Crete per Venetian notary Manoli Bresciano: Bulgarians, Serbs, Vlachs, Arvanites, and many others.
Laskarina "Bouboulina" Pinotsis originated from the local native Arvanite population of the island of Hydra.
URL:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina
T. Kolokotronis.
Sokratis Liakos, "The origins of the Vlachs", pages 112-113:
"Pouqeville and Cousinery inform us (in 1828), that in the Peloponnese there were Vlach traders and Vlach nomadic shepherds. And Cousinery confirms that even across the Peloponnese the nomadic shepherds were bilingual Greek Vlachs (Diglossoi Graikoblaxoi), but not monolingual Greek-speakers. This further affirms what we already know about Kolokotronis and the ancestral homeland of his family Tsergini. As Philemon writes, the 'Old Man of Morea' had extensive relatives in the province .... Tertsetis added that Kolokotronis knew and spoke to the Vlach shepherds in the "dopika" language, which means he was not a Greek-speaker, especially since Phrantzis says the people of the Peloponnese called him king of the Vlachs. And he also said in his memoirs that Tsergini (from the homeland they originated from) were nomadic shepherds .... The Tsergini homeland was Arvanitovlach and not Arvanite."
Sokratis Liakos, "The origins of the Vlachs", pages 112-113:
"Pouqeville and Cousinery inform us (in 1828), that in the Peloponnese there were Vlach traders and Vlach nomadic shepherds. And Cousinery confirms that even across the Peloponnese the nomadic shepherds were bilingual Greek Vlachs (Diglossoi Graikoblaxoi), but not monolingual Greek-speakers. This further affirms what we already know about Kolokotronis and the ancestral homeland of his family Tsergini. As Philemon writes, the 'Old Man of Morea' had extensive relatives in the province .... Tertsetis added that Kolokotronis knew and spoke to the Vlach shepherds in the "dopika" language, which means he was not a Greek-speaker, especially since Phrantzis says the people of the Peloponnese called him king of the Vlachs. And he also said in his memoirs that Tsergini (from the homeland they originated from) were nomadic shepherds .... The Tsergini homeland was Arvanitovlach and not Arvanite."
As mentioned above, we are talking about ethnic terms as the Venetian notaries understood them at the time. The most problematic one (again) proves to be the ethnic term "Greek". The Albanian slaves from Epirus were called Greeks:
"In the Venetian archies of archivio notarile there are reports of Albanian slaves in Crete noted by Manoli Bresciano from 1359-1388. The majority of Albanian slaves from Epirus (de partibus Despotate) were called "Greeks"."
So, when we see in lists "Greeks" alongside "Albanians", "Vlachs" or others, we can't conclude anything with a significant degree of confidence as those Greeks might have been Albanian-speaking and/or Vlach-speaking (bilingual) Christians, etc.
URL:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_slaves
Also, according to the analysis in this book, the communities of Bulgarians in Crete as well as Cyprus were "relatively large":
URL:
https://books.google.ca/books?id=tjPEtxSOuYgC&pg=PA508&dq=nikola+petrov+varna+slaves+crete&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVov-UncDoAhWSdN8KHUx-CD4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=nikola petrov varna slaves crete&f=false
In conclusion, the above proves the existence of Albanian, Vlach, and Slavonic communities on Crete.
"In the Venetian archies of archivio notarile there are reports of Albanian slaves in Crete noted by Manoli Bresciano from 1359-1388. The majority of Albanian slaves from Epirus (de partibus Despotate) were called "Greeks"."
So, when we see in lists "Greeks" alongside "Albanians", "Vlachs" or others, we can't conclude anything with a significant degree of confidence as those Greeks might have been Albanian-speaking and/or Vlach-speaking (bilingual) Christians, etc.
URL:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_slaves
Also, according to the analysis in this book, the communities of Bulgarians in Crete as well as Cyprus were "relatively large":
URL:
https://books.google.ca/books?id=tjPEtxSOuYgC&pg=PA508&dq=nikola+petrov+varna+slaves+crete&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVov-UncDoAhWSdN8KHUx-CD4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=nikola petrov varna slaves crete&f=false
In conclusion, the above proves the existence of Albanian, Vlach, and Slavonic communities on Crete.
Year 1814: Aetolia, now called Vlakia
A Sketch of Modern and Antient Geography ... Third edition, By Samuel Butler, 1814.
Page 150:
"West of Locris, Phocis, and Doris, was Aetolia, now called Vlakia, from the Valaques, settled there by the Greek Emperors, having the Sinus Corinthiacus for its Southern, the river Achelous for its Western, and Thessaly for its Northern boundary."
Greek Emperors = Byzantine or Roman Emperors
Sinus Corinthiacus = the Gulf of Corinth or the Gulf of Lepanto: the gulf between Northern Greece or Hellas Proper, and the Peloponnesus. It commenced, according to Strabo (viii. p.335, seq.), at the mouth of the Evenus in Aetolia (some said at the mouth of the Achelous) and the promontory Araxus in Achaia, and extended to the Isthmus of Corinth. It consisted of two distant portions, an outer and an inner sea, separated from one another by the narrow strait, between the promontories Rhium and Antirrhium.
URL:
https://books.google.ca/books?id=aE...ECAwQOw#v=onepage&q=Valaques Thessaly&f=false
A Sketch of Modern and Antient Geography ... Third edition, By Samuel Butler, 1814.
Page 150:
"West of Locris, Phocis, and Doris, was Aetolia, now called Vlakia, from the Valaques, settled there by the Greek Emperors, having the Sinus Corinthiacus for its Southern, the river Achelous for its Western, and Thessaly for its Northern boundary."
Greek Emperors = Byzantine or Roman Emperors
Sinus Corinthiacus = the Gulf of Corinth or the Gulf of Lepanto: the gulf between Northern Greece or Hellas Proper, and the Peloponnesus. It commenced, according to Strabo (viii. p.335, seq.), at the mouth of the Evenus in Aetolia (some said at the mouth of the Achelous) and the promontory Araxus in Achaia, and extended to the Isthmus of Corinth. It consisted of two distant portions, an outer and an inner sea, separated from one another by the narrow strait, between the promontories Rhium and Antirrhium.
URL:
https://books.google.ca/books?id=aE...ECAwQOw#v=onepage&q=Valaques Thessaly&f=false
Ne treba zanemariti da su potomci Sana / Tzana / Laza uglavnom moderni Pontijci. Treba videti narodne nošnje i plesove "domorodaca" i uporediti ih s odgovarajućim "Pontijcima":
Postoji niz članaka Anthony Bryer-a pod nazivom "Some Notes on the Laz and Tzan...", od kojih se čini da je dostupan samo turski prevod:
https://www.academia.edu/37878482/ANTHONY_BRYER_Lazlar_ve_Tzanlar_Üzerine_Bazı_Notlar_Some_notes_on_the_Laz_and_Tzan_I_and_II_
URLs:
http://www.lexcycle.com/library/Pro...t_Gutenberg_EncyclopediaVolume_1_of_28/part3/
https://books.google.ca/books?id=oi...ate region, inhabited mainly by Vlach&f=false
"Northern Aetolia remains a desolate region, inhabited mainly by Vlach shepherds."
http://www.lexcycle.com/library/Pro...t_Gutenberg_EncyclopediaVolume_1_of_28/part3/
https://books.google.ca/books?id=oi...ate region, inhabited mainly by Vlach&f=false
"Northern Aetolia remains a desolate region, inhabited mainly by Vlach shepherds."
VARIETY OF TRADITIONAL GEORGIAN AND LAZ COSTUMES (MEN)
PONTIANS ... IN GREECE
The excerpt is from Adjarian, H; "Étude sur la langue Laze"; Mémoires de la Société de linguistique de Paris, vol.X; Paris, 1899; page 145:
"The Christian Lazes depend on the Greek patriarchate of Constantinople; they speak Greek and consider themselves Greek. However, we recognize them by their accent. They occupy the western part of Lazistan, from Platana in the east to Trebizonde, and in the south of Trebizonde to Gumusxana. The main cities where we meet them are Platana, Trebizonde and Gumusxana."
1) "There is a strong Italian admixture in the population of Santorin, although the Italian language has disappeared ; about 600 of the richest and most intelligent part of the population retain the Roman Catholic religion, and lead in the educational and intellectual development of the island."
-- Peace Handbooks: The Balkan States - Page 14 [Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section, George Walter Prothero - 1973]
2) "French and Italian families still form a distinct element of the population of Naxos, Santorin, and Syra."
-- Greece, Turkey in Europe, Rumania, Servia, Montenegro, Italy, Spain, and Portugal - Page 45 [New York: D. Appleton And Company, Elisée Reclus - 1881]
3) Bulletin de l'Institut historique belge de Rome, Parts 39-40 (Bulletin of the Belgian Historical Institute in Rome)
Institut historique belge de Rome, 1968 - Archives
Page 170: "... in Crete the Vlachs are quite numerous in the fourteenth century."
Page 171: "... bought from a Catalan of Barcelona Maria, a Vlach, acquired at Thebes by the Catalans."
4) When Stefan Dušan conquered lands all the way up to Duchy of Athens, he called himself "Count of Vlachia." Settlements of Vlachs are also mentioned at that time in Euboea, the Peloponnese and even Crete.
Source:
Даскалов, Георги, Армъните в Гърция, Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 2005, page 21.
5) Footnote 3 (the text in Greek) basically states that the Sklavini devastated all Thessaly, nearby islands and those of Helada, also the Cyclades along with entire Achaia, Epirus, the bigger part of Illyricum and part of Asia.
-- Peace Handbooks: The Balkan States - Page 14 [Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section, George Walter Prothero - 1973]
2) "French and Italian families still form a distinct element of the population of Naxos, Santorin, and Syra."
-- Greece, Turkey in Europe, Rumania, Servia, Montenegro, Italy, Spain, and Portugal - Page 45 [New York: D. Appleton And Company, Elisée Reclus - 1881]
3) Bulletin de l'Institut historique belge de Rome, Parts 39-40 (Bulletin of the Belgian Historical Institute in Rome)
Institut historique belge de Rome, 1968 - Archives
Page 170: "... in Crete the Vlachs are quite numerous in the fourteenth century."
Page 171: "... bought from a Catalan of Barcelona Maria, a Vlach, acquired at Thebes by the Catalans."
4) When Stefan Dušan conquered lands all the way up to Duchy of Athens, he called himself "Count of Vlachia." Settlements of Vlachs are also mentioned at that time in Euboea, the Peloponnese and even Crete.
Source:
Даскалов, Георги, Армъните в Гърция, Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 2005, page 21.
5) Footnote 3 (the text in Greek) basically states that the Sklavini devastated all Thessaly, nearby islands and those of Helada, also the Cyclades along with entire Achaia, Epirus, the bigger part of Illyricum and part of Asia.
Poslednja izmena:
