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ScienceAstronomy
Venera
Soviet space probes
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Article History
Venera 7 (launched Aug. 17, 1970), a lander, made the first successful soft touchdown on another planet and transmitted for 23 minutes. The Venera 8 lander (launched March 27, 1972) measured concentrations of certain long-lived radioactive isotopes that hinted at a rock composition similar to
granite or other
igneous rocks on
Earth. The Venera 9 and 10 landers (launched June 8 and 14, 1975, respectively)
sent back the first close-up photographs (in black and white) of the surface of another planet. Venera 11 and 12 (launched Sept. 9 and 14, 1978, respectively) conducted detailed chemical measurements of the Venusian atmosphere on their way to soft landings. The Venera 13 and 14 landers (launched Oct. 30 and Nov. 4, 1981, respectively) analyzed a number of nonradioactive elements in the surface rocks, finding them similar to earthly
basalts; the landers also returned colour images of rocky landscapes bathed in yellow-orange sunlight that filtered through the clouds. Venera 15 and 16 (launched June 2 and 7, 1983, respectively)
were orbiters equipped with the first high-resolution imaging radar systems flown to another planet; they mapped about a quarter of Venus’s surface, primarily around the north pole.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Venera#:~:text=Venera 3 (launched Nov.,spacecraft to strike another planet.