After the complete defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two component forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals **** and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the Kipchaks and were intercepted by the allied but poorly coordinated troops of Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev, along with about 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops to stop their actions. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force, while losing the battle of Samara Bend against the neighboring Volga Bulgars.
The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.
Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and **** died on the road back to Samarkand. Subutai and ****'s famous cavalry expedition, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, except for that of the Volga Bulgars, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe.
These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions ultimately added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way.
Under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to definitively conquer Volga Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.
Nakon potpune poraza Khwarezmian Carstva u 1220, Genghis
Khan okupio svoje snage u Perziji i Armenije za povratak
Mongolski stepa. Pod prijedlog Subutai, Mongol vojska je
podijeljen u dva komponentu sile. Džingis Kan je vodio glavni vojska
napad preko Afganistana i sjeverne Indije prema Mongoliji, dok je
još 20.000 (dvije Tumen) kontingenta marširali kroz Kavkaz i
u Rusiji pod generali **** i Subutai. Oni guraju duboko u
Armenija i Azerbejdžan. Mongoli uništili Gruziji, smijenio
Đenovljanin trgovina-tvrđava Caffi u Krim i prezimile u blizini
Crno more. Odlaska kući, Subutai snage napale su i Kipchaks
prisluškivanja od strane savezničkih ali slabo koordinirani trupe Mstislava
Hrabar i Halych i Mstislava III iz Kijeva, zajedno s oko 80.000 Kijevska
Rus 'trupe da se zaustavi svoje postupke. Subutai šalje emisara u slavenskim
knezovi pozivajući separatni mir, ali poslanici bili su pogubljeni.
U bitki kod rijeke Kalka u 1223, Subutai snage porazio
veća Kievan snagu, a izgubili bitku od Samare Bend protiv
susjedne Volga Bugara.
Mongoli naučio od zarobljenici izobilju zelene pašnjake iza
Bulgar teritorij, čime planiranje osvajanja Mađarske
i Europi. Ruski knezovi tada tužio za mir. Subutai dogovoreno, ali
nije bio u raspoloženju da se oprosti knezovima. Kao što je uobičajeno u Mongol društvu
za plemstvo, ruske knezove su dobili beskrvne smrti. Subutai
je imao velikih drvenih platformi izgrađene na što je jeo njegove obroke zajedno
s ostalim generalima. Šest ruskih knezova, uključujući i Mstislav III
Kijev, postavljeni su prema ovom platformom i shrvan do smrti.
Džingis Kan je podsjetio Subutai natrag u Mongoliju ubrzo nakon toga, i ****
umro na putu natrag u Samarkandu. Subutai i **** poznatu konjica
ekspedicija, u kojoj su zaokružen cijeli Kaspijsko jezero je porazio sve
vojske na njihovom putu, osim onih od Volge Bugara, ostaje
neusporedivo do danas, a riječ mongolske trijumfe počela
curiti u druge narode, osobito Europi.
Ove dvije kampanje općenito se smatra izviđanje kampanja
koji je pokušao da biste dobili osjećaj političke i kulturne elemente
regija. U 1225 obje podjele vratio u Mongoliju. Ove invazije
dodano u konačnici Transoxiana i Perzije na već impresivan carstvo
dok je ubijanja bilo otpora na putu.
Pod Genghis Khan's unuk Batu i Zlatne Horde, Mongoli
definitivno se vratio u osvajanje Volge Bugarske i Kijevske Rusije u
1237, zaključivši kampanju u 1240.