Srbistika

Enciklopedija Britanika 1911

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Servia

2. Servian-Slavonic Literature

The only noteworthy literary productions of this first period of Servian literature were zhivoti (biographies) and letopisi (chronicles). The best writers of the time were Archbishop Sava (St Sava), his brother King Stephen (Stefan) Prvovenchani (i.e. the " first-crowned "), the monks Domentiyan and Theodosius, Archbishop Danilo, Gregorius Tsamblak, Stephen Lazarevich, prince of Servia, and Constantine the Philosopher. The most important literary work of St Sava (d. 1237) was The Life of St Simeon, in which he described the life of his father, Stephen Nemanya, the first sovereign of the united Servian provinces, who towards the end of his life became a monk and took the name of Simeon. Domentiyan wrote a life of St Sava in the involved and bombastic Byzantine style of the middle of the 13th century. The best literary creations of the period are undoubtedly The Lives of the Servian Kings and Archbishops by Archbishop Danilo (d. 1338), and Constantine the Philosopher's Life of Despot Stephen Lazarevich, written in 1432.

The chronicles (letopisi) are without any literary value, although as historical material they are useful. They number about thirty. The oldest of them was written between 1371 and 1390. The best are Letopis of Ypek, which ends with the year 1391; Letopis of Koporin, written by Deacon Damyan in 1 453; Letopis of Carlovitz, 1503; and the chronicle of the monastery of Tronosha, 1526.

To this period of Servian literature belongs the first attempt by an unknown author to write a romance. The story of the love and sufferings of the Servian prince Vladimir, who lived in the 11th century, and his wife, the Bulgarian princess Kossara, written probably in the 13th century, was very popular among the Servians. of the 14th and 15th centuries. Other comparatively widely-read books of the period were the Life of Alexander the Great, The Story of the Siege of Troy, Stefanite and Ikhnylat (an Indian story) and The Journey of a Soul from this World to that Other, all of which were translations from the Greek.

A characteristic example of the literary and also, as it appears, of the official language of the Servians in the middle ages is the Codex of Tsar Dushan (Zakonik Tsara Dushana), which was promulgated at the Servian parliament (Sabor) in Skoplye (Uskiib) in 1349 and 1 354. Very interesting material for the study of the Servian literary language during the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries is to be found in several collections of old charters and letters of that period (F. Miklosich's Monumenta Serbica, Putsich's Srpski Spomenitsi u Dubrovachkoy Arkhivi, and the publications of the Royal Servian Academy in Belgrade and the South Slavonic Academy of Science in Agram). The oldest document written in the vernacular Servian is considered to be a charter by which Kulin, the ban of Bosnia, grants certain commercial privileges to the Ragusan merchants in 1189.

The oldest printed book in Servian-Slavonic issued in 1483 from the printing-press of Andreas de Theresanis de Asula in Venice. A few years later the Servian nobleman Bozhidar Vukovich bought a printing-press in Venice and established it at Obod in Montenegro, from which issued in 1493 the first church book (the Octoich) printed on Servian territory. There is a copy of this book in the British Museum. Vicentius, the son of Bozhidar Vukovich, carried on the enterprise of his father, and their printing-press continued to work up to 1566, issuing several church books in the Servian-Slavonic language. During the first half of the 16th century the Servians had printing-presses in Belgrade, Skadar (Scutari) on the river Boyana, Gorazhde, Mileshevo and elsewhere. But in the second half of that century all printing absolutely ceased in the Servian countries under the direct rule of the Turks, and was not resumed until the middle of the 18th century. Books for the use of the churches had to be imported from Russia, printed in the Russian-Slavonic language.

3. Dalmatian Literature

While among the Servians belonging to the Eastern Church all literary work had practically stopped from the middle of the r 6th century to the middle of the 18th, the Roman Catholic Servians of Dalmatia, and more especially those of the semi-independent republic of Ragusa, became more active. Being for centuries politically, ecclesiastically and commercially connected with Venice, Rome and Italy in general, they came under. the influence of Italian civilization, and during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries were the most cultured branch of the Servian nation. The awakening of literary ambition among these Servians of the Adriatic coast was originally due to the influence of immigrant Greek scholars who came to Ragusa after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Between 1450 and 1530 there had already been founded in Spalato a small literary society, in which the Servian poets Marulich, Papalich, Martinich and others read their poetical compositions, mostly lyrical and religious songs. About the same time (1457-1501) there appeared in Ragusa the poet Menchetich, who wrote nearly four hundred love-songs and elegies, taking Ovid as his model, and George Drzhich (1460-1510), author of many erotic poems and of a drama. Two of the finest works of this early period of the Servian literature of Ragusa are the poem Dervishiyada, written by the Ragusan nobleman Stepan Guchetich (1495-1525), rich in humour and satire, and the poem Yegyupka (" The Gipsy Woman "), written by Andreas Chubranovich (1500-1550), a goldsmith by profession and a very original and clever lyrical poet. Another remarkable Ragusan poet was Hectorovich (1486-1572), who wrote the poem Ribanye (" The Fishing and Talking with Fishermen "), and anticipated a new movement in Servian literature by publishing three national songs as he heard them from the popular bards (guslars). But the true glory of Ragusan literature was established by its three poets, Ivan Gundulich (1558-1638), Gyon Palmotich (1606-1657) and Ignacius Gyorgyich (1675-1737). Of these the greatest was Gundulich (q.v.). Palmotich is remarkable as a dramatic poet. The subjects of most of his dramas were taken from Latin and Italian poets (Atalanta after Ovid, Lavinia after Virgil, Armida after Tasso); but at least in two dramas, Pavlimir and Tsaptislava, he displayed some originality, taking his themes from Servian national history. All the works of Palmotich have been published by the South Slavonic Academy (Stari Pisci, vols. xii., xiii., xiv. xix.). Gyorgyich's best Prork is.

considered to be his translation of the Psalms into Servian verse (Saltiyer Slovinski). He also wrote The Sighs of the Repenting Magdalen and the unfinished tragedy Judith. Af ter Gyorgyich the Servian literature of Ragusa and Dalmatia during the 18th century has no great name to show, except that of the mathematician, Ruggiero Boshkovich (see Boscovicu). His two brothers and his sister Anitsa Boshkovich were known in their time as poets. But on the whole Servian literature on the Adriatic coast showed little originality in the 18th century; its writers were content to produce good translations of Latin, Italian and French works.

Mention must be made, however, of an author whose work connects the literature of the Adriatic Servians of the 18th century with the regenerative efforts of the Danubian Servians in the second decade of the 19th century. The literature of the Adriatic Servians was, with very few exceptions, Servian only in language, but Italian in form and spirit. About the middle of the 18th century a learned Dalmatian monk, Andrea Kachich Mioshich by name, emancipated himself from the yoke of pseudo-classicism and slavery to Western models. As a papal delegate he had to visit all the Roman Catholic communities in Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Bosnia, and had numerous opportunities of hearing the bards recite songs on old national heroes. In 1756 he published a book entitled Razgovor Ugodni Naroda Slovinskoga (" The Popular Talk of the Slavonic People "), in which in 261 songs he described - in the manner and in the spirit of the national bards - the more important historic or legendary events and heroes of the " Slavonic people." Under this denomination he comprised Servians, Croats, Slovenes and Bulgarians, anticipating the modern appellations of the Yugo-Sloveni (Southern Slays). His book immediately became the most popular that ever appeared among the Servians, and was again and again reprinted, under the less ponderous title Pesmaritsa, " The Book of Songs." Some sixty years after its appearance it inspired Vuk Stefanovich Karajich with the vision of his true mission. But Kachich Mioshich found no immediate followers among the Servian literati of the second half of the 18th century.

4. The Revival of Servian Literature: Obradovich and Karajich.

As long as the countries inhabited by the Orthodox Servians were under the deadening immediate rule of the Turks, they produced no serious literature. But when the Austrian wars of the 17th century began to roll back the Turkish power, and Hungary recovered its freedom, the Servians living in that country rapidly acquired some culture, and their literature began to revive. During the 18th century, however, they did not write in the living language of the Servian people. After the disappearance of the Servian printing-presses in the 16th century, all liturgical books were brought from Russia and printed in the Russian-Slavonic language; while the teachers in the Servian schools were Russians. Russian-Slavonic thus became the literary language of the Orthodox Servians.

The more important works of the time were the History of Montenegro, by the Montenegrin bishop Basil Petrovitch. (Moscow, 1 754); the Short Introduction into the History of the Origin of the SlavenoServian Nation, by Paul Yulinats (Venice, 1765); and above all the History of the Slavonic Nations, more especially of the Bulgarians, Croats and Servians, by Archimandrite Yovan Raich (Vienna, 1794). During extensive travels in Russia and the Balkan countries Raich had collected a rich historical material and was able to write, for the first time in the annals of Servian literature, a work which has every claim to be considered as a real history. The Servians call him " the father of Servian history." But Russian-Slavonic was not readily understood by the Servian reading public. It was not much better when through the influence of the living language it began to approach nearer to Servian than to Russian, and was called " Slavonic-Servian " (Slaveno-Serbski). The Servians had some authors in the 18th century, but it could hardly have been said that they had readers. All this suddenly changed when Dositey (Dositheus) Obradovich (1739-1811) appeared on the scene. In boyhood he had entered the monastery of Hoppovo in south Hungary and had become a monk. But as very soon he found that the monastery could not satisfy his aspirations, he left it and started to travel, acquiring a knowledge of classical and modern languages and literatures. An ardent Servian patriot, he proclaimed the principle that books ought to be written for the people and therefore in the language which the people understood and spoke. His first book, The Life and the Adventures of Demeter Obradovich - a monk named Dositey (Leipzig, 1783), was written in the language spoken in Servian towns. It immediately made a great impression, which was enhanced by the continuation of his autobiography (Home Letters) and especially by his Fables of Aesop and of other Writers (Leipzig, 1789). These books created a reading public among the Servians and mark the beginning of a really modern period of Servian literature. Obradovich, or rather " Dositey " as Servians call him, was so highly appreciated as an author, savant and patriot that in 1807 Karageorge invited him to Servia and appointed him a senator and minister of public education, in which capacity he established in Belgrade the first Servian college (Velika Shkola). Dositey was an admirer of England and English literature. While staying in London in 1783 he was much encouraged by the patronage and friendship of Dr William Fordyce, while his pupil, Paul Solarich, another distinguished author, was befriended by the Hon. Frederick North, afterwards 5th earl of Guildford, state secretary for public instruction in the Ionian Islands.


Only a few of his contemporaries followed the example which Dositey set in writing in the vernacular (although even he introduced from time to time purely Slavonic words and forms). It was believed that the vernacular could not be raised to the dignity of a literary language, and that literature and science needed words and expressions which were entirely lacking in the common language. But Vuk Stefanovich Karajich, a self-taught writer, proved the fallacy of that assumption. By his publication of the national songs and poems, which he carefully collected, he opened the eyes of Servian authors to the wealth and beauty of their own language, as spoken by the mass of the people and used by the national bards. Besides collecting national songs and poems, folk-lore, proverbs, &c., he wrote a grammar of the Servian language (Vienna, 1814) and the first Servian lexicon, with explanations in German and Latin (Vienna, 1818). His thorough knowledge of the Servian language led him to reform the Cyrillic alphabet, in which several letters were redundant and certain sounds of the spoken language were unrepresented. His efforts to make Servian writers adopt his reformed alphabet, and accept the language of the common people as a literary language, met with fierce opposition, especially on the part of the clergy and friends of the artificial Slaveno-Servian literary language. It was only after 1860 that his principles won a complete victory in all directions. (See KARAJ1cx.) 5. Modern Servian Literature. - The activity of Karajich brought new life to the Servian literature of the 10th century. The poets abandoned classical models and ceased to write in hexameters; they preferred to derive their inspiration from popular poetry, of which Karajich collected for them hundreds of examples. Writers in different departments of literature vied with each other to write in pure and correct Servian. And, although it could not be justly said that the Servians of the 10th century produced a really great work from the literary point of view, they certainly made progress and produced some remarkable poetry.


Their three greatest poets are Sima Milutinovich Sarayliya (1791-1847), Peter Petrovich Nyegosh (1813-1851), prince-bishop of Montenegro, and " Zmay " Yovan Yovanovich (1833-1904). Sarayliya's most important work is Serbiyanka (Leipzig, 1826), in which he describes the rising of the Servians against the Turks in 1804 and 1815. His imagination is lively, his descriptions graphic, but the impetuosity of his genius cannot find adequate words to express itself, and then he creates new words of which the meaning is not always clear. For this reason he never was really popular among the Servians. Nyegosh composed his first important poem, Lucha Microcosma or " The Light of the Microcosm (Belgrade, 1847), under the influence of Paradise Lost. In the Lucha he describes how the spirit of man wished to solve the problem of human destiny. He was led by a protecting angel to the beginning of time when Satan, supported by an angel called Adam, was in full rebellion against God. But the co-rebel Adam repented and God then created the Earth and sent Adam to expiate his sin by living amidst difficulties and sufferings on that planet. In Gorski Viyenats, " The Mountain Wreath " (Vienna, 1847), Nyegosh describes the liberation of Montenegro from the Turks towards the end of the 17th century in the form of a drama. There is, however, hardly anything dramatic in the poem, but the characters deliver magnificent descriptions of Montenegro and Montenegrins, and the play is full of noble sentiments and great thoughts. The Servians consider Gorski Viyenats the finest poetical work in their literature. It has been translated into all the principal European languages except English. Dr Yovan Yovanovich, called by his admiring countrymen Zmay (the Dragon) on account of the high flight of his poetry and his ardent patriotism, began his poetical career by producing melodious translations of some of the best poems of other nations (the Hungarian Arany's Toldi Jdnos, Petofi's Jdnos Vitez, Lermontov's Demon, Tennyson's " Enoch Arden," Bodenstedt's Mizra-Shaffy, Goethe's Iphigenie, &c.). His own lyrical and satirical poems are without a rival in Servian literature. In his later years he gave much of his time and talent to the interests of children, editing papers for boys and dedicating hundreds of his finest songs to children. There are several editions of his collected poems; one of the best is that of the Servian Literary Association (Belgrade, 1896).

Among the other prominent Servian poets of the 19th century may be mentioned Dr Milosh Svetich (1799-1869), Branko Radichevich (1824-1853), Gyura Yakshich (1832-1878), Yovan Subotich (1817-1886), Dr Laza Kostich (b. 1841), Aberdar (1842-1893), Voislav Ilich (1862-1894), Prince Nicholas of Montenegro (b. 1841). The Servians have as yet no great novelist, but they have several very successful writers of short stories. Among these the first place belongs to Dr Laza Lazarevich. After him the most popular authors of short stories are: Stefan Sremats, whose mild satire and sparkling humour earned for him the name of the " Servian Dickens "; Yanko Veselinovich, author of some delightful sketches from the life of Servian peasants; Sima Matavuly, whose stories give a true picture of the Servians of Dalmatia and of Montenegro. Delightful stories of old times and of the Adriatic coast were written by Stef an Mitrov Lyubisha (1824-1878).

In dramatic literature the Servians are comparatively rich. The poet Dr Laza Kostich made excellent translations from Shakespeare (King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, King Richard III.), and gave the Servian stage two of its best tragedies: Maxim Tsrnoyevich and Petar Segedinats; also the comedy Gordana. Matiya Ban's Meyrimah is considered the best tragedy in the Serbo-Croatian language. The patriotic drama Balkanska Tsaritsa, by Prince Nicholas of Montenegro, has been often played and enthusiastically received by the public, but the critics deny to it much dramatic value. Milosh Tsvetich has given fine and lasting contributions to the Servian stage in his drama Stefan Nemanya and tragedy Todor of Stalach. Among the writers of comedy the first place must be assigned to Kosta Trifkovich (d. 1875); Milovan Glishich (d. 1908) was also very popular; and Branislav Nushich was the most successful of Servian dramatists early in the 10th century.


In modern scientific literature the principal Servian names are those of the electrician Nicholas Tesla, the botanist Dr Josif Panchich, and the geologists Dr Yovan Zhuyevich and Dr Yovan Tsviyich (Cynic). In philology a very high place is occupied by Gyuro Danichich, once professor of philology at the high school in Belgrade and secretary to the South Slavonic Academy at Agram, where he was for years the principal editor of the great lexicon of the Servian or Croatian language. He had a very distinguished pupil in Stoyan Novakovich, who wrote numerous studies on philological subjects, and whose Servian grammar is still the standard book in all Servian schools. In historical literature we find besides Yovan Raich, mentioned earlier, Panta Sretykovich, with his History of the Servian Nation; Stoyan Boshkovich (d. 1908), with his Servia under Tsar Dushan; Stoyan Novakovich, with his numerous essays on subjects from the medieval history of Servia, his History of Servian Literature, his Resurrection of the Servian National State and Rising against the Dahis (the two last-named books appeared in Belgrade in 1904); Lyubomir Kovachevich and Lyuba Yovanovich, who together wrote a standard work on the history of the Servian nation; Chedo Mijatovich, with his monographs on Gyuragy Brankovich and the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. - The best works on the Servian language and literature are those already mentioned as written by Servian authors: Karajich, Danichich, Stoyan Novakovich, &c. See also on the language Dr F. Miklosich's Vergleichende Lautlehre der sla y. Sprachen; Section II.: Serbisch and Chorvatisch (Vienna, 1879), and his Wortbildungslehre der sla y. Sprachen (Vienna, 1876); W. Vondrak Vergleichende slavische Grammatik (Göttingen, 1906 and 1908); J. Florinsky, Lektsi po slavyankomu yazykoznaniye (Kiev, 1895). Good text-books are P. Budmani, Grammatica della lingua serbocroata (Vienna, 1867); Parchich, Grammatre de la langue serbocroate (Paris, 1877); Fr. Vymezal, Serbische Grammatik (Bri.inn, 1882). For the literature see A. N. Pypin and V. D. Spassovich, History of Slavonic Literatures (in Russ., St Petersburg, 1879, in French, Paris, 1881), and Dr Mathias Murko, Die Kultur osteuropaischer Li,'eraturen and die slavischen Sprachen (Berlin and Leipzig, 1908). (C. Mi.)

1. Servian language

According to the Servian philologist Danichich (Dioba Slov. yezika, Belgrade, 1874), the Servians were the first Slavonic branch which separated from the original Slavonic stem, while the Russians and the Bulgarians only separated from it at a considerably later date. The Russian and Bulgarian languages undoubtedly stand nearer to Old Slavonic than the Servian. According to another theory (T. Schmidt, Vocalisnaus ii. 179) two separate branches developed from the Old Slavonic stem, one identical with the western Slays, and the other with the south-eastern group; and from the Slavonic of the south-east the first languages to separate were the Russian and the South Slavonic. From the latter developed Bulgarian, on one side, and Servian-Slovene on the other, while from the last-named branch Servian or Serbo-Croatian and Slovene developed on two separate twigs. There can be no doubt that in the south-eastern group of the Slavonic languages SerboCroatian and Slovene form a special closely-connected group, in which the Servian and the Croat languages are almost identical. Both the Servians and the Croats arrived in the first half of the 7th century (or more precisely about A.D. 635) in the northwestern corner of the Balkan Peninsula. There they met the partly Romanized Illyrians, and in course of time absorbed them. There can be little doubt that this absorption softened and enriched the Serbo-Croatian dialects, a process to which climatic conditions and intercourse with Italy also contributed, until Serbo-Croatian became one of the richest and most melodious of Slavonic languages.

Servian is spoken in the following countries, forming geographically (although not politically) a connected whole: southern Hungary, the kingdom of Servia, Old Servia (the Turkish vilayet of Kossovo), western Macedonia, the sanjak of Novi-Bazar, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia and Montenegro. It ranks with Bulgarian as one of the two principal Slav languages of the Balkan Peninsula; the Macedonian dialects are intermediate between these two. Between eight and nine millions of people speak Serbo-Croatian in the. countries just enumerated.


Considering the extent of territory in which the language is spoken, it is not surprising that it should have several dialects. Practically, however, there are only three principal dialects, which are differentiated by the manner in which the Old Slavonic double vocal ye (the so-called yat) is pronounced. The Old Slavonic words lyepo, byelo, are pronounced by the Servians of Herzegovina, Bosnia, Montenegro, Dalmatia, Croatia and south-western Servia as leeyepo, beeyelo; by the Servians of Syrmia the same vowel is pronounced sometimes as e (lepo, belo), sometimes as ee (videeti, leteeti); by the Servians of the Morava valley and its accessory Ressava valley, always only as e (lepo, belo, videti, leteti). Vuk Stefanovich Karajich called the first dialect the " South-Western or Herzegovinian dialect," the second the " Syrmian," the third the " Ressava " dialect. Professor Belich of Belgrade University has tried to give in the Servian Dialectological Compendium (Belgrade, 1905) a new division of the Servian dialects into five groups, viz. Prizren-Timok, KossovoRessava, Shumadiya-Srem (Syrmia), Zetta-Bosnia, Adriatic coast. Of all the Servian dialects the most correct, richest and softest is the Herzegovinian or Zetta-Bosnian dialect. Karajich and his followers tried to make it the literary language of the Servians. All the national songs which he transcribed from the recitations of the bards were written and published by him in that dialect, into which the Bible has also been translated. But, as in the second half of the 19th century the kingdom of Servia, speaking the Ressava or ShumadiyaSyrmian dialect, became the centre of Servian literary activity, the last-mentioned dialect tended to become the literary language.


Servian and Croatian are only two dialects of the same Slavonic language. Servian is sometimes called shtokavski because the Servian word for " what " is shto, whereas the Croats say cha for shto, and therefore their language is called chaka y ski. The more important differences between the two languages were pointed out by Danichich (Glasnik, ix., 1857). They are as follows: (a) while the Servians pronounce the Old Slavonic yach as ye or e or ee, the Croats pronounce it always as ee (Servian beeyelo or belo, Croatian beelo); (b) the Servians have the sound gye (softened d or g), the Croats are without it, but have instead ya or ye (Servian gospogya, Croatian gospoya); (c) the Servians let the vowel i transform the preceding consonant into a soft consonant, whereas the Croats pronounce the consonant unaffected by the softening influence of i (Servian bratya, Croatian bratia); (d) the Servians change the letter l at the end of a word into o whereas the Croats always pronounce it as 1. These differences are so insignificant that it was very natural that the Croats after having tried to convert the chaka y ski dialect into a separate literary language were compelled to abandon that attempt and to adopt the shtokayski. To facilitate this reform, to overcome the ecclesiastical prejudices of the Roman Catholic Croats against the Eastern Orthodox Servians, and vice versa, certain Croatian patriots, led by Ljudevit Gaj, proposed that all the Slavonic peoples in the north-western part of the Balkan Peninsula should call themselves Illyri and their language Illyrian (see Croatia-Slavonia: Language and Literature and History). The appellation " Serbo-Croatian " for the literary language of both nations now finds more favour. The great dictionary compiled and published by the South Slavonic Academy of Agram is called The Lexicon of the Servian or Croatian Language. Although the Croats write and print in Latin characters, while the Servians write and print in Cyrillic, and although many a Servian cannot read Croatian books, and vice versa, the literary language of both nations is one and the same. (C. Mi.) Literature 1. Formation of a Servian - Slavonic Language. - Servian literature begins with the biblical and liturgical books, written in " Old Slavonic," or " Church Slavonic," into which " the Slavonic apostles " Cyril and Methodius (see Slavs) had translated the Bible and other church books about the middle of the 9th century. Cyril and 1Vlethodius used the Greek alphabet somewhat modified and adapted to the necessities of the Slavonic language. That alphabet is called " Cyrillic " (in Servian Kyrilitsa), and is - simplified and modernized - practically the alphabet used by the Servians, Bulgarians and Russians of our times. The Cyrillic aphabet replaced an older Servian, or probably Old Slavonic, alphabet called " Glagolitic" (see Slavs: Alphabets). A few Servian books are still printed in Glagolitic, and some in Latin letters; but by far the greatest number are written and printed in Cyrillic.


The Old Slavonic church books had naturally to be copied from time to time, and the Servian, Bulgarian and Russian copyists were unable to resist the influences of their respective living languages. Thus comparatively soon there appeared church books no longer written in pure Old Slavonic (of which the so-called " Asseman's Gospel " in the Vatican is the best type), but in Old Slavonic modified by Servian, Bulgarian, Russian influences, or in the languages which could be called Servian-Slavonic, Bulgarian-Slavonic, Russian-Slavonic. The best extant specimen of the Servian-Slavonic is " Miroslav's Gospel," written in the second half of the 12th century for the Servian prince Miroslav; a facsimile edition was published in 1897 in Belgrade. Servian-Slavonic was the literary language of the Servians from the 12th century to the end of the 15th, i.e. during the first period of their literary history.

Mrkalj:

Само показујеш да си без аргументације. Шта је овде вредно расправе? Осим напомене да ми је промакло поменути како је Мирко Томасовић ноторна малограђанска луда - ништа.

Kliknite za proširenje...

Što si ti uopće od hrvatske, srpske, svjetske književnosti pročitao ?
Historiografije ? Jezikoslovlja- ozbiljnijega, a ne političkih traktata ?

Sumnjam da jesi nješto, jer inače ne bi ovako jadno brenčao.

Glede pak Mirka Tomasovića, tvoji "puleni" kao Milosavljević ili
Kovačević, ne mogu mu ni sveze na postolama vezati.

http://info.hazu.hr/mtomasovic_biografija

http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/Kul...ype/ArticleView/articleId/101661/Default.aspx

Akademik i komparatist prof. dr. Mirko Tomasović (1938., Split) prve je radove počeo objavljivati 1957. godine, i to prijevode, članke, studije, rasprave iz književnosti. Surađivao je s hrvatskim književnim časopisima, zbornicima, stručnim glasilima, prilozima iz svoje struke, te nekim inozemnim.
Tiskano mu je dvadesetak knjiga znanstveno-stručnog usmjerenja i petnaestak knjiga prepjeva poezije s talijanskog, francuskog, španjolskog i portugalskog jezika. Živi i radi u Zagrebu. Ovih dana objavio je prijevod knjige “Oslobođeni Jeruzalem” Torquata Tassa, koja je izišla u nakladi Matice hrvatske.

Prevodeći “Oslobođeni Jeruzalem” Torquata Tassa koristili ste se iskustvima prevođenja klasika drugih naših prevoditelja.
Jeste li zadovoljni svojim prijevodom i kako biste ga ocijenili u usporedbi s drugim prijevodima klasika?

Koristio sam se u prvom redu iskustvima Mihovila Kombola iz njegova prijevoda Danteove
“Božanstvene komedije”, koju držim još uvijek nedostižnim ostvarenjem.

Jesam li zadovoljan nakon svoje verzije drugog po vrijednosti djela, iza Danteova
pjesmotvora, iz talijanske poezije, u koju sam uložio četiri do pet godina rada?
Odgovor bi mogao glasiti ovako: mjerodavni traduktolozi me uvjeravaju u vrsnoću
prepjeva, isto tako poznati i nepoznati čitatelji. Prepjevi su po mojim prijevodoslovnim
načelima predodređeni za auktorsko usavršavanje, u naknadnom sam dotjerivanju
starijih verzija dosljedan u tolikoj mjeri da se, kojom srećom, tiska novo izdanje,
bilo bi opet izmjena u sada objavljenom tekstu.

Zadovoljan sam potpuno edicijom, opremom i urednicom Jelenom Hekman i
likovnim urednikom Lukom Gusićem, koji su me podupirali tijekom godina.

Možete li pobliže predstaviti svoju drugu knjigu “Qual e colui che forse di Croazia”?
- Upravo ovih dana je objavljena Mala knjižnica Društva hrvatskih književnika od
12 študija i eseja iz pet romanskih književnosti, s posebnim osvrtom iz mog
ugla kao komparatista na njihovu recepciju u Hrvata. Riječ je uglavnom o “nedirnutim” temama u našoj romanistici.

Primjerice, o nepoznatoj intertekstualnoj svezi između Ivana Gundulića i
Torquata Tassa, o sličnosti u glorifikaciji slobode kod starih Dubrovčana i Miguela Cervantesa.

Jednu sam raspravu posvetio, a to će čitatelje Slobodne navlastito
zanimati, poimanjima Morlaka, tj. Vlaja, izraženima u glasovitom djelu
opata Alberta Fortisa (“Put po Dalmaciji”, 1774.) pokazujući da nije
stvorio “tamnu sliku” o Morlacima (Vlajima), nego da je jedno poglavlje iz
tog djela zamislio i opisao kao “apologiju”, tj. obranu dalmatinskih zagoraca
od dalmatinskih primoraca. Pokazao sam i da te objede i predrasude, koje je
Fortis kritizirao, traju na razne načine sve do danas.

Posljednjih petnaest godina posvetili ste se intenzivnom proučavanju
Marka Marulića i njegovu promicanju po Europi i Americi.
Kakva iskustva nosite s tih predstavljanja?

- Dvije su temeljne spoznaje o promicanju Marulića po američkim i
europskim sveučilištima: predavao sam o ocu hrvatske književnosti na
Sorbonni, Gregoriani, Bambergu, Torontu, Američkoj kongresnoj knjižnici u
Washingtonu, Maison de l’Europe u Parizu i svuda sam bio svjedokom za
mene neočekivana zanimanja i uvažavanja Marka Marulića kao književne veličine iz male zemlje.

Ugodno je bilo vidjeti puno Hrvata na tim predavanjima, koji su
mi poslije govorili kako se mogu dičiti u tuđini splitskim začinjavcem.

Iza sebe imate petnaestak knjiga prepjeva poezije s talijanskog,
francuskog, španjolskog i portugalskog jezika. Koliko ste prevodeći otkrivali pjesnika u sebi?

- Preveo sam najmanje 45.000 tisuća stihova s tih jezika. Jesam li otkrio pjesnika u sebi,
teško je suditi, ali je nepobitno da sam se izvježbao kao stihotvorac, dakle da
vladam iznadprosječno gradbom i srokovanjem stihova. Otkrio sam, to je
izvan svake sumnje, neslućeno bogatstvo hrvatskog pjesničkog jezika tronarječnog izričaja.

Što je sljedeće?

- U Hrvatskoj prepjevnoj literaturi nedostaje verzija jednoga uzornoga
epskog djela, koje je prevedeno na većinu europskih jezika, i to višekratno -
poznato mi je pet talijanskih verzija.

Znajući da se nitko u nas ne prihvaća prijevoda toga velebnog djela,
a riječ je o nacionalnom portugalskom epu “Luzitanci” Luisa de Camoesa,
posvetit ću dvije-tri godine prevođenju toga slavnoga pjesmotvora.

Kad prepjevam “Luzitance”, vjerojatno ću uskliknuti: “Kolegice i kolege, ja učinih dosta,
sada se vi uhvatite posla i iskažite!” Za toliki posao, trebat će mi,
naravno, ustrajnosti, izdržljivosti i, dakako, zdravlja.

http://www.matica.hr/www/wwwizd2.nsf/AllWebDocs/tasso

Na tvoju žalost, Mirko Tomasović je seljačina koja se loži na Severinu. Reminiscirajući njenu i Bregovićevu [/QUOTE]

te mu je otud jasno o čemu Mirko Tomasović lupeta.

PS. Vratićemo se večeras na Mikalju.

Urvan Hroboatos:

Ti su citati komentirani i prije, i nema potrjebe da se to čini 50 puta.
Tvoja jadna pisanija je projekcoja- na koju, uostalom, imaš pravo.




Opet-ti nemaš, osim jezikoslovnog, prave filološke i književne naobrazbe.
Što si ti uopće pročitao iz područja književnosti ?
Da si iole načitan, ne bi bubnuo ovakvu bumbulijadu:
u navedenoj prozi (petrarkizam je poezija) satirički su prikazani
Vlasi, kao što je u Krležinu romanu "Zastave" satirički prikazan đeneral Grujić
preko karakteristične leksike i stila. Ono što je petrarkizam namro hrvatskoj baštini,
i u visokoj poeziji, i u popularnoj glazbi, zorno se vidi iz poezije-n.pr.- Lucića i Marina Držića:

http://hr.wikisource.org/wiki/Hanibal_Lucić

http://www.scribd.com/doc/109248613/Marin-Držić-Pjesme

Ne znaš...pa onda-kredicu u ruke, pločicu i az, buki, vjedi ...

Kliknite za proširenje...

Хробоатос, опет крадеш. Држић није хрватски писац. Он је заправо нешто сасвим супротно од тога.

Вероватно си ту још свашта слагао али ме мрзи да читам. И престани да радиш оно што раде разни Дукљанини и остали шовинистички митомани на форуму, да покушавате понављам неистине у претворити је у истину, тако што ваљда мислите да се истина утврђује бројем погодака на интернету.

П.С. Ако ћеш сад да ми поставиш хрватску Википедију као доказ, не мораш, прочитао сам је.

Bastiani:

Хробоатос, опет крадеш. Држић није хрватски писац. Он је заправо нешто сасвим супротно од тога.

Вероватно си ту још свашта слагао али ме мрзи да читам. И престани да радиш оно што раде разни Дукљанини и остали шовинистички митомани на форуму, да покушавате понављам неистине у претворити је у истину, тако што ваљда мислите да се истина утврђује бројем погодака на интернету.

П.С. Ако ћеш сад да ми поставиш хрватску Википедију као доказ, не мораш, прочитао сам је.

Kliknite za proširenje...

I ti si jadac, što da se čovjek muči s vama.
Dostajat će dvije-tri poveznice & fajrunt.

http://www.hkv.hr/kultura/osvrti-ku...argumentirano-protiv-krivotvorina-i-lazi.html

http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac478.nsf/AllWebDocs/Na_Istoku_nista_novo

http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijena...vo_II._ili_Kako_znameniti_Hrvati_postaju_Srbi

Pst, Bastiani, znaš li šta bi pater Jakov Mikalja rekao na ove Hrobijeve psovke? Rekao bi:

Leleee!




(Druga reč je sinonim, u zagradi italskim slovima je italijanski, a posle zagrade dve latinske verzije prevoda.)

Koji ono Hrvati leleču?

Ah da, ovi:

Urvan Hroboatos:

25.04.2011. 19:06

Da ovaj pdf nije toliko infantilan vrijedilo bi nješto detaljnije napisati. No, budući da to nije slučaj- ne ćemo previše. Samo:

* tko su Srbi da Hrvatima bilo što pričaju o "otimanju" kad im je jezik
kopija jezika hrvatske renesansne i barokne literature ? Kad je esencijalno hrvatski jezik kodificirao paški isusovac Kašić ? Kad je srpski reformator Karadžić nametnuo Srbima taj jezik kojeg su oni sami zvali hrvatskim ?

Kad su Srbima Hrvati osnovali akademiju (Pančić) izgradili Beograd (Meštrović, Rosandić- srpskih kipara do dolaska Hrvata i nema), ostavil ikalsičnu glazbu (Krešimir Baranović, Josip Stolcer Slavenski,.) , dali renegata-pisca nobelovca ...

Kliknite za proširenje...

Leleeee*...




_______________
* hrvatski petrarkizam

Urvan Hroboatos:

I ti si jadac, što da se čovjek muči s vama.
Dostajat će dvije-tri poveznice & fajrunt.

http://www.hkv.hr/kultura/osvrti-ku...argumentirano-protiv-krivotvorina-i-lazi.html

http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac478.nsf/AllWebDocs/Na_Istoku_nista_novo

http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijena...vo_II._ili_Kako_znameniti_Hrvati_postaju_Srbi

Kliknite za proširenje...

Šta si mi to postavio? Da gledam jad i čemer vaše stručne literature? Kako sami sebe lažete dok ne poverujete u sopstvene gluposti, pa se čudite kako vam i drugi ne veruju?

Da ti kažem nešto, radovi sa takvom tematikom i tog nivoa kao ovaj poslednji, osim što su opskurne šovinističke baljezgarije, u Srbiji ovakvoj kakva je ne da ne bi bili nigde objavljeni, nego ne bi bili prihvaćeni ni kao tema za seminarski.

U sedamnaestom veku, postojanje knjige Doctrina Christiana, cum Precibus, Psalmis & Litaniâ: item, Cogitationes Spirituales linguâ Servianâ seu Illyricâ. zasvedočeno je u dvema bibliotekama:

1) Bibliotheca Realis Theologica Omnium Materium, Rerum Et Titulorum, Volume 2, 1685, str. 542


Lingua Serviana seu Illyrica


Nekoliko molitvi na srpskom jeziku, Mleci, 1527.


2) Bibliotheca Bodleiana








Doctrina Christiana, cum Precibus, Psalmis & Litaniâ: item, Cogitationes Spirituales linguâ Servianâ seu Illyricâ.

Nauk kršćanski sa molitvama, psalmima i litanijama te misli duhovne jezikom srpskim iliti ilirskim.

The Bodleian Library (pron.: /ˈbɒdliən/ or /bɒdˈliːən/), the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library. Known to Oxford scholars as "Bodley" or simply "the Bod", under the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 it is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP] and under Irish Law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland.[SUP][3][/SUP]

Kliknite za proširenje...

Knjiga se nalazi zavedena i u kasnijem izdanju kataloga Bodlejanske biblioteke, iz 1738.




Budući da je originalna Doctrina Christiana na španskom štampana 1593, to nam sužava dataciju ove knjige na period između 1593. i 1674. kada je vidimo registrovanu u Hajdovom katalogu Oksfordske biblioteke.

Mrkalj:

Leleeee*...
_______________
* hrvatski petrarkizam

Kliknite za proširenje...

I opet nam ulepšavaš dan!
Em zbog poučnih komentara, em zbog genijalnih doskočica!
Hvala još jednom.

Име овога прѣдмета разговора йе безсмислено и погрѣшно. Трѣба га назвати "баба-йегдистика".
И трѣба подићи храм у койем би се нова поколѣња срПских "linvist"-а (да не речем простачки "йезикословаца", него ЕУроПски) молила прѣд киповима светога тройства баба-йегдистике: Вуку Караџићу, творцу срПскога йезика, срПске књижевности, срПске азбуке, срПскога правописа (и свему осталому чему се цѣо свѣт диви), затим светому Йернейу Копитару (прѣтечи), и наравно Вукородици Баби Йегди. А такав храм, колико ми се чини, већ постойи у Тршићу? У изворишти срПскога йезика, образовања, културе, књижевности, пѣсништва, части, поштења, пристойности, лѣпога васпитања, оданости народу, вѣри, итд...
У йедином мѣсту гдѣ су дѣца постаяла писмена и правилно говорећа и без школе.

Ne znam kako će ovo Darko Žubrinič da stavi u svoju crohis-papazjaniju:

http://katalog.hazu.hr/WebCGI.exe?Tip=Listic&Jbmg=076554&Baza=1

Zadarski nadbiskup Matija Karaman

Wayles Browne and Theresa Alt: "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayles_Browne

http://www.scribd.com/doc/13931016/BSC-Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian-Grammar

Knjižestvo srpsko, nove knjige 1845. godine. Obratiti pažnju na knjige 7-11.

Где ли ти то ископаваш.

Bastiani:

Где ли ти то ископаваш.

Kliknite za proširenje...

Lova, nervi, krv, suze, znoj, cerbrospinalni likvor, rektalni tuše... Znaš već.

Poslaću ti komplet kada bude spremno. I Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja.

Teodor Avramović:
Nemeckij i serbskij slovar = Deutsch Illyrisches Wörterbuch
Beč, 1790.
Broj strana: 746

Ppznat kao Kurzbeckov (po štamparu), a autor je ustvari Teodor Avramović.

Mrkalj:

U sedamnaestom veku, postojanje knjige Doctrina Christiana, cum Precibus, Psalmis & Litaniâ: item, Cogitationes Spirituales linguâ Servianâ seu Illyricâ. zasvedočeno je u dvema bibliotekama:

1) Bibliotheca Realis Theologica Omnium Materium, Rerum Et Titulorum, Volume 2, 1685, str. 542

Lingua Serviana seu Illyrica

Nekoliko molitvi na srpskom jeziku, Mleci, 1527.

* * *​

2) Bibliotheca Bodleiana

[TD="class: metadata_label"]Title[/TD]
[TD="class: metadata_value"]Catalogus impressorum librorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae in Acad. Oxoniensi str. 77 [/TD]

[TD="class: metadata_label"]Author[/TD]
[TD="class: metadata_value"] Thomas Hyde [/TD]

[TD="class: metadata_label"]Published[/TD]
[TD="class: metadata_value"]1674[/TD]

Doctrina Christiana, cum Precibus, Psalmis & Litaniâ: item, Cogitationes Spirituales linguâ Servianâ seu Illyricâ.

Nauk kršćanski sa molitvama, psalmima i litanijama te misli duhovne jezikom srpskim iliti ilirskim.

Kliknite za proširenje...

I još jedan primer iz dubrovačkih dokumenata u koјima su naјčešće pisali Dubrovčani za Dubrovčane. Radi se o tekstu iz zbirke Diversa Cancellariae 200 (1618), 15:

„idiomate et caractere seruiano siue illirico scripta".